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Biomedical subjects

R C Wilson

Publications and source records attributed to R C Wilson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Treatment of subclinical mastitis.

Topics addressed in this article include applied pharmacology of the bovine mammary gland, principles of antibiotic sensitivity testing, mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, causes of treatment failures, diagnostic considerations, and therapy of specific subclinical mastitis syndromes. Recent research concerning systemic therapy of subclinical mastitis is highlighted and critically reviewed. Limitations of antibiotic sensitivity testing are discussed. The lack of proven, efficacious therapy for many subclinical mastitis syndromes is emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Acyclovir (Zovirax) pharmacokinetics in Quaker parakeets, Myiopsitta monachus.

The pharmacokinetics of intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) single-dose administration of acyclovir were determined in Quaker parakeets. After i.v. injection at a dose of 20 mg/kg of acyclovir, elimination half-life was estimated at 0.65 h, volume of distribution at steady state was 627.65 ml/kg, and clearance was 11.22 ml/kg/min. The estimated pharmacokinetic values after i.m. injection at a dose of 40 mg/kg of acyclovir were an elimination half-life of 0.71 h and a bioavailability of 90.1%. The peak plasma acyclovir concentration occurred at 15 min when the drug was administered i.m. Plasma concentrations of acyclovir were undetectable 4-6 h after i.v. administration and 6-8 h after i.m. administration. Oral (capsules) and intravenous (sodium salt) formulations of acyclovir were given by gavage at 80 mg/kg. Peak concentrations with the sodium salt formulation were lower and developed more slowly than with the capsules. In studies designed to detect excessive drug accumulation or adverse side effects, acyclovir was administered i.m. at 40 mg/kg every 8 h for 7 days. Plasma concentrations were determined 15 min after (peak) and just prior to drug administration (trough). In another study acyclovir was gavaged at a dose of 80 mg/kg every 8 h for 4 days. Acyclovir plasma concentrations were determined just prior to and 2 h after drug administration. In both experiments, the birds maintained normal appetite and weight and did not exhibit excessive drug accumulation. Acyclovir plasma concentrations ranging from 2.07 +/- 1.09 micrograms/ml to 3.93 +/- 1.13 micrograms/ml were maintained for 4 days when acyclovir was administered in the feed and water (sole source of food and water).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1992

Intramammary administration of gentamicin as treatment for experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in cows.

In 8 Holstein cows, 50 colony-forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli was administered into 1 mammary gland. Infections were established in all inoculated glands. In 4 of the 8 cows, 500 mg of gentamicin sulfate was administered by intramammary infusion 14 hours after inoculation; the other 4 cows were untreated controls. Infusions of gentamicin also were given after each of the 3 successive milkings after the initial infusion, so that a total dose of 2 g of gentamicin was given to each of the treated cows. During the 33-hour treatment period and for the first milking after the last infusion of gentamicin, the treated cows had a mean gentamicin concentration of greater than or equal to 31.0 micrograms/ml in milk samples that were collected from inoculated quarters immediately before each milking. Concentrations of 0.34 and 0.69 micrograms of gentamicin/ml were detected in milk from 2 cows at 8 days after inoculation with E coli. Mean serum concentrations of gentamicin were greater than or equal to 0.37 micrograms/ml throughout the treatment period and the first 12 hours after the last infusion, with a mean peak concentration of 0.96 micrograms/ml at 24.4 hours. The range of peak concentration of gentamicin detected in urine from all treated cows was 42 to 74.4 micrograms/ml. Peak concentration of E coli in milk in the treated cows (6.08 +/- 1.02 log10 CFU/ml) did not significantly (P greater than 0.05) differ from that of the control cows (5.26 +/- 1.00 log10 CFU/ml). Similarly, mean duration of infection in the treated cows (54 hours) did not differ significantly from that of the control cows (48 hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Albumins↗
PubMed1991

Differentiation between the intensity of breathlessness and the distress it evokes in normal subjects during exercise.

1. This study was designed to examine whether normal subjects could differentiate between the 'intensity' of their breathlessness and the amount of 'distress' it evoked, by specific wording of the instructions. 2. A preliminary study showed no significant difference between 'distress' score during exercise measured on two separate occasions (P = 0.3). 3. Ten subjects each performed two identical incremental cycle-ergometer exercise tests on separate occasions during which they were asked to quantify either 'intensity' or 'distress' by using modified Borg scales. 4. In all subjects there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between 'intensity' and minute ventilation. In eight subjects there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between 'distress' and minute ventilation. One subject displayed no significant correlation and one registered no distress. 5. Mean 'intensity' was greater than the mean 'distress' (P = 0.0001). The slope of 'intensity'/minute ventilation was greater than the slope of 'distress'/minute ventilation (P = 0.0001). 6. Within individuals there was a significant correlation between 'intensity' and 'distress' (P less than 0.05). There was a wide scatter in the slope of this relationship between subjects and maximum 'intensity' and 'distress' did not correlate. 7. Different elements of the breathlessness sensation could be identified and selectively measured depending on the wording of the instructions given to the subject. 8. There was a wide intersubject variation in the magnitude of both breathlessness 'intensity' and 'distress' estimates, but the differences between subjects in these two components of the sensation did not appear to follow a common pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Long-term reproducibility of Borg scale estimates of breathlessness during exercise.

1. The intensity of breathlessness in normal subjects during exercise was measured on seven occasions over a 40-week study period to assess the long-term repeatability of Borg scale estimates of breathlessness. 2. In all subjects there was a significant correlation (P = 0.0001) between breathlessness and minute ventilation. Minute ventilation measured at each work rate did not differ between the seven exercise tests (P greater than 0.05). 3. There was no significant difference between the mean Borg scores (measured with respect to a given level of ventilation) in 5 of the 7 test weeks (P greater than 0.05). The slope of the relationship Borg score/minute ventilation did not differ between the seven exercise tests (P greater than 0.05). 4. Breathlessness estimation was highly reproducible both after 1 week and after 40 weeks of the study (both P greater than 0.05). 5. The duration without testing between consecutive tests did not affect reproducibility: the mean Borg score was as equally reproducible after an interval of 22 weeks without testing as after an interval of 1 week (P greater than 0.05). 6. The Borg scale provides a reliable technique for studying the sensation of breathlessness over extended time periods.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intravenous and subcutaneous injection in obese cats.

Six adult domestic shorthair obese cats were given 3-mg/kg gentamicin sulfate by rapid i.v. and by s.c. injection in a cross-over design. The plasma concentration-time data were analyzed using statistical moment theory with no assumption of a specific compartmental model. Means +/- SD for the half-life, which was calculated from the terminal slope of the log concentration-time curve, were 1.37 +/- 0.24 and 1.24 +/- 0.22 h following i.v. and s.c. injection, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 118.55 +/- 19.83 ml/kg, and total body clearance was 1.07 +/- 0.25 ml/kg/min. Bioavailability was 83.58 +/- 14.83% after s.c. administration. The calculated s.c. dose in obese cats to produce an average steady-state concentration of 4 micrograms/ml is 2.5 mg/kg every 8 h compared to 3 mg/kg in normal-weight cats.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Radiotelemetric monitoring of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity throughout the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey.

Continuous monitoring of the electrophysiological manifestations of GnRH pulse generator activity was achieved by radiotelemetry throughout the menstrual cycles of unrestrained rhesus monkeys. The characteristic increases in hypothalamic multiunit activity (MUA volleys) associated with each LH pulse measured in the peripheral circulation were of lower frequency during the luteal phase than in the follicular phase of the cycle. Multiunit activity volley frequency increased as functional luteolysis progressed and achieved maxima of approximately one volley per hour within the first few days of the follicular phase. Unexpectedly, a dramatic decline in pulse generator frequency was observed coincidentally with the initiation of the preovulatory LH surge. Evidence is presented to support the conclusion that this deceleration of pulse generator activity is the consequence of the preovulatory rise in plasma estrogen concentration. As reported in women, a significant reduction in GnRH pulse generator frequency was observed at night during the follicular phase, but not during the luteal phase, of the menstrual cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of diet on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis in horses.

Gentamicin sulfate-induced nephrotoxicosis was compared in 2 groups of horses fed different rations. Four horses were fed only alfalfa hay, and 4 other horses were fed only whole oats. Seven days after initiation of the diet, all horses were given gentamicin IV (5 mg/kg of body weight) every 12 hours for 22 days. Urinary gamma-glutamyl-transferase to urinary creatinine (UGGT:UCr) ratio was calculated daily, and serum concentration of gentamicin was measured at 1 and 12 hours after drug administration. Results indicated that horses fed oats had greater renal tubular damage than did horses fed alfalfa. Mean UGGT:UCr for horses fed alfalfa was 47.1 +/- 18.8 and was 100.0 +/- 19.0 for horses fed oats (P = 0.007). The UGGT:UCr in horses fed oats was greater than 100 for a total of 54 days; horses fed alfalfa had UGGT:UCr greater than 100 for only 7 days. Two horses not given gentamicin were fed only oats and 2 were fed only alfalfa. These horses had mean UGGT:UCr of 17.6 +/- 2.2 and 30.5 +/- 3.0, respectively. Mean peak and trough concentrations of gentamicin were statistically different for horses fed oats and those fed alfalfa (peak 23.16 +/- 1.87 and 14.07 +/- 1.79 micrograms/ml, respectively [P = 0.0001], and trough, 1.81 +/- 0.69 and 0.71 +/- 0.70 micrograms/ml, respectively [P = 0.0270]). Mean half-lives of gentamicin (estimated from peak and trough concentrations) for horses fed alfalfa (2.58 +/- 0.26 hours) and horses fed oats (2.88 +/- 0.27 hours) were not significantly different. Horses fed only oats had greater degree of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis than did those fed only alfalfa.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Influence of prior ventilatory experience on the estimation of breathlessness during exercise.

1. The intensity of breathlessness was measured during exercise in nine normal subjects using a modified Borg scale to examine the effect of prior experience of breathlessness on subsequent estimates of breathlessness. 2. Each subject performed four exercise tests, each of which consisted of two identical runs of workload incrementation (run 1 and run 2). An inspiratory resistive load of 3.8 cmH2O s-1 l-1 was applied during the appropriate run of the exercise test to examine the effect of (a) prior experience of 'loaded' breathing on breathlessness estimation during 'unloaded' breathing, and (b) prior experience of 'unloaded' breathing on breathlessness estimation during 'loaded' breathing. Run 1 was the conditioning run: run 2 was the run in which the effect of conditioning was measured. 3. There was a good correlation between breathlessness and minute ventilation during both 'unloaded' breathing (median r = 0.93) and 'loaded' breathing (median r = 0.95). 4. The slope of the Borg score/minute ventilation relationship was greater during 'loaded' breathing than during 'unloaded' breathing (P less than 0.01). There was no difference in mean Borg score between 'unloaded' and 'loaded' breathing. 5. After a period of 'loaded' breathing during run 1, estimated breathlessness was significantly reduced during ensuing 'unloaded' breathing in run 2 (P less than 0.01) compared with the exercise test in which 'unloaded' breathing was experienced throughout both run 1 and run 2. 6. After a period of 'unloaded' breathing in run 1, estimated breathlessness was significantly increased during ensuing 'loaded' breathing in run 2 (P less than 0.01) compared with the exercise test in which the inspiratory load had already been experienced in run 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effects of ambient temperature on amikacin pharmacokinetics in gopher tortoises.

The pharmacokinetics of amikacin were compared in two groups of tortoises, one held at 20 degrees C and the other at 30 degrees C. The mean (+/- SD) residence time for amikacin in the 30 degrees C tortoises was 22.67 +/- 0.50 h; significantly (P less than 0.05) less than those held at 20 degrees C (41.83 +/- 3.23 h). There was no significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in the steady-state volume of distribution (Vd(ss] between the tortoises held at 30 degrees C (0.241 +/- 0.520 l/kg) and those held at 20 degrees C (0.221 +/- 0.019 l/kg). The clearance rate was faster (P less than 0.05) in the warmer tortoises (10.65 +/- 2.42 ml/min/kg at 30 degrees C compared to 5.27 +/- 0.152 ml/min/kg at 20 degrees C). These data indicate that while the volume of distribution was approximately the same, amikacin remained in the colder tortoises longer because of its slower elimination. The oxygen consumption and metabolism were measured and found to be lower in the colder tortoises, almost by the same 2:1 ratio as clearance time (Cl), mean residence time (MRT), and area under the curve (AUC). The data derived from this limited study indicated that an appropriate therapeutic dosage regimen for amikacin in gopher tortoises at 30 degrees C is 5 mg/kg given i.m. every 48 h.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1990

Adverse effects of gentamicin in scarlet macaws and galahs.

The adverse effects of administration of gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight, IM, q 12 h) for 7 days were studied in healthy scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus; cockatoos). Polydipsia and polyuria developed in each species, but were greater and persisted longer in the cockatoos. Peak water intake in the cockatoos more than quadrupled, and remained increased for 23 days after cessation of gentamicin administration. Plasma aspartate transaminase activity increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after treatment in the macaws, and plasma aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase activities increased in the cockatoos. Single IM administration of gentamicin (5 mg/kg) resulted in mean (+/- SEM) plasma concentration of 20.6 (+/- 1.85) micrograms/ml at 0.5 hour for either species of birds. There were no significant differences between mean plasma gentamicin concentrations for cockatoos and macaws at any time after drug administration, except at 12 hours, when values for cockatoos were significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than those for macaws. The elimination half-life for gentamicin after IM administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg was 1.17 and 1.07 hours, respectively, for macaws and 1.23 and 1.44 hours, respectively, for cockatoos. Correlation between drug disposition and adverse side effects could not be detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Complementation of in vitro-assembled spliceosomes.

We describe the development and application of a system of in vitro-assembled splicing complexes that can be used for the identification of protein splicing factors which become associated with the spliceosome at the end of the assembly process ("late" splicing components). A splicing reaction performed in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol is interrupted after 15 to 20 minutes, before the appearance of splicing intermediates and products in significant amounts. Following low-speed centrifugation, a pellet is obtained containing splicing complexes that can be solubilized with 0.6 M-KCl. These complexes can be rapidly complemented for splicing in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ with protein factors that are present in HeLa cell nuclear extracts or in chromatographic extract fractions. Biochemical features of the complementation reactions, and conditions for reversible uncoupling of the two splicing steps, are described and discussed. These conditions are used to generate fully assembled spliceosomes in which splicing of the pre-mRNA can occur in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, but in the absence of nuclear extract ("autonomous splicing").

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

A comparison of the visual analogue scale and modified Borg scale for the measurement of dyspnoea during exercise.

1. The intensity of breathlessness during exercise was measured in ten normal subjects using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a Borg scale to compare the use of the scales and their repeatability, both within the duration of a period of exercise and between tests. For each scale, subjects performed two exercise tests separated by a period of 2-6 weeks. Each exercise test consisted of two cycles of progressively increasing and decreasing workload. 2. All subjects felt confidently able to use both scales to quantify their feelings of breathlessness exclusively of other sensation. Equal preference was expressed for use of a particular scale. 3. With both scales there was a large intersubject variation in the relationship between dyspnoea score and minute ventilation (VE) (P less than 0.01), and in the range of the scale used. 4. There was a good correlation between the VAS and Borg scores at each level of VE (r2 = 0.71), but the VAS score was used over a wider range than the Borg score. 5. The relationship between VE and the dyspnoea score measured by the two techniques was predominantly linear. The mean r2 for VAS score/VE was 0.68 (SD 0.19) and for Borg score/VE the mean r2 was 0.75 (SD 0.13). 6. The relationships VAS score/VE and Borg score/VE were unaffected by the direction in which the workload was varied (P greater than 0.05). 7. VE, measured at each work rate, did not differ between the two cycles (P greater than 0.05) or between the 2 days (P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Autonomous splicing and complementation of in vivo-assembled spliceosomes.

We have used an in vivo system generating assayable amounts of a specific pre-mRNA to study the relationship between splicing and an operationally defined nuclear matrix preparation (NM). When NM is prepared by extraction of DNase I-treated nuclei with an approximately physiological concentration of KCl (0.1 M), a portion of NM-associated precursor can be spliced in vitro in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ and in the absence of splicing extract ("autonomous splicing"). We propose that the autonomous reaction, which does not exhibit a temporal lag and is half-complete in 5 min, occurs in fully assembled, matrix-bound ribonucleoprotein complexes (in vivo spliceosomes). Extraction of the NM with concentrations of KCl greater than 0.4 M eliminates autonomous splicing but leaves behind preassembled complexes that can be complemented for splicing with HeLa cell nuclear extract. The splicing complementing factor, representing one or more activities present in the nuclear extract and also in the cytoplasmic S100 fraction, is relatively heat resistant, devoid of an RNA component, and does not bind to DEAE-Sepharose in 0.1 M KCl. It exists in the nucleus in two forms; bound to autonomous spliceosomes and free in the nucleoplasm. Biochemical features of the complementation reaction, and conditions for reversible uncoupling of the two splicing steps are described and discussed.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

A pilot study of three potential vaccines for leprosy in Bombay.

Three vaccines, BCG Glaxo alone (vaccine A), BCG Glaxo plus 10(7) killed Mycobacterium vaccae (vaccine B), and BCG Glaxo plus 10(7) killed M. leprae (vaccine C), were given to groups of selected children. The effects of these vaccines on subsequent quadruple skin testing 1-3 years after vaccination were compared. All three vaccines equally and significantly (p less than 0.00001) increased positivity to tuberculin, but only vaccine B was found to significantly enhance development of skin-test positivity to leprosin A (p less than 0.002). The data support the evidence previously obtained in rural Iran that the combination of BCG with killed M. vaccae is likely to be a better vaccine for leprosy than is BCG alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Bioavailability of gentamicin in dogs after intramuscular or subcutaneous injections.

Healthy adult mixed-breed dogs, assigned to 2 groups of 6 dogs each, were given 3 mg of gentamicin sulfate/kg of body weight on 3 injection days 7 days apart. Group 1 was given gentamicin by rapid IV injection, by injection into the belly of the longissimus muscle at the first lumbar vertebrae (IM site 1), and by injection in the belly of the biceps femoris muscle (IM site 2). Group 2 was given gentamicin by rapid IV injection, by SC injection into the space over the cranial angle of the scapula on the midline (SC site 1), and by SC injection just caudal to the crest of the ilium (SC site 2). Pharmacokinetic values (mean +/- SD) from 12 dogs given gentamicin IV were 54.4 +/- 15.4 minutes for the effective half life, 2.29 +/- 0.48 ml/kg/min for clearance, and 172 +/- 25.4 ml/kg for volume of distribution at steady state. Bioavailability (93.92 to 96.65%) and peak plasma gentamicin concentration (9.43 to 10.89 micrograms/ml) were independent of injection site, but time to peak concentration when gentamicin was given at SC site 2 (43.33 minutes) was significantly (P less than 0.05) longer than that when gentamicin was given at IM site 1 (27.50 minutes). Absorption half-life was shorter after injections were given at both IM sites (8.9 and 9.8 minutes) than after injection was given at SC site 2 (18 minutes).

Animals↗