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Biomedical subjects

R C Klesges

Publications and source records attributed to R C Klesges.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Sensory and social influences on ice cream consumption by males and females in a laboratory setting.

Both male and female undergraduates ate more ice cream when eating occurred in groups of three or four than when they ate alone. These subjects also ate more ice cream when offered three different flavors than when offered only one flavor of their own choosing. For women, both variety and eating in a group combined to enhance eating more than either variable did alone. For men, variety or eating in a group caused about the same enhancement of consumption but the combination of the two variables did not lead to further increases in intake. This latter result probably reflects a ceiling effect, but it could represent a true gender difference.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A validation of two motion sensors in the prediction of child and adult physical activity levels.

The authors sought to assess the reliability and validity of two motion activity sensors in the prediction of observed physical activity levels in adults and children by means of two studies at North Dakota State University in Fargo, North Dakota. In study 1, 50 adults were observed in fall 1984 for one hour of recreational activity while they simultaneously wore two motion sensors: an activity counter (i.e., LSI Moving Activity Monitor (GMM Electronics Inc., Verona, PA)) and an electronic accelerometer (i.e., Caltrac Personal Activity Computer (Hemokinetics, Inc., Vienna, VA)). The results indicated that both the activity counter (r = 0.65) and the accelerometer (r = 0.69) strongly correlated to observed physical activity levels. The two motion sensors also were highly correlated to each other (r = 0.83). A correlation of self-reports of time spent in various types of physical activity to observed physical activity ranged from 0.21 to 0.88 (mean = 0.60). Study 2 evaluated these same two sensors in winter 1984 in 30 preschool children observed in a freeplay situation. Results of this study indicated very modest relationships between observed physical activity levels and accelerometer readings (r = 0.35) and activity counter readings (r = 0.40). The two motion sensors intercorrelated at very modest levels (r = 0.42). The results indicate that while both motion sensors closely corresponded to observed levels of physical activity in adults, neither sensor correlated substantively to observed levels of physical activity in children. Implications for validating and utilizing these sensors in epidemiologic research are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

The effects of graded exposure and parental modeling on the dental phobias of a four-year-old girl and her mother.

The current paper describes a unique case of a very young (4-year-old) dental phobic girl whose mother was also dental avoidant. Treatment of the girl involved a combination of graded exposure and utilizing the mother as a coping model. The results suggest that treatment was highly successful at least to a 6-month follow-up. Despite minimal direct intervention, results also indicated significantly reduced levels of dental fear in the dental-avoidant mother as well. Recommendations for intervention which involve parent modeling are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1984

Co-worker social support in a worksite smoking control program.

We evaluated the effects of adding a social support component to a worksite controlled smoking treatment program. Twenty-four participants were randomly assigned to either a controlled smoking or a controlled smoking plus partner support condition. Within a multiple baseline across behaviors design, smokers in both conditions made efforts to achieve sequential 50% reductions in: nicotine content of brand smoked, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and percentage of each cigarette smoked. Self-monitoring records, laboratory analyses of spent cigarette butts, and carbon monoxide determinations indicated that both conditions were effective in producing significant reductions in each of the three target behaviors and in carbon monoxide levels. All participants who quit smoking during the program maintained their abstinence at a 6-month follow-up, and those who did not quit were smoking less at follow-up than they had at pretest on all dependent variables. However, few differences were observed between controlled smoking and controlled smoking plus partner support conditions either during treatment or at the 6-month follow-up. Results are discussed with regard to previous worksite studies, future directions for research on social support, and variables that may have mediated treatment outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Controlled smoking for chronic smokers: an extension and replication.

Nine long-term cigarette smokers participated in a seven session controlled smoking program. Employing a multiple baseline across behaviors design, the program focused on making sequential reductions in nicotine content of the cigarette brand smoked, percent of each cigarette smoked and, finally, number of cigarettes smoked per day. Self-monitoring records indicated that subjects were successful in making reductions in each of the three target behaviors and that the timing of these changes closely followed the initiation of treatment for each specific behavior. The magnitude of change was greatest for nicotine content (49% reduction) and somewhat less for number of cigarettes (28% reduction) and amount smoked (24% reduction). Carbon monoxide levels were also reduced and these reductions, as well as the smoking behavior changes, were generally maintained at a 6-month follow-up. This study provides a systematic replication of an earlier study and illustrates the usefulness of single subject designs for studying cigarette smoking. It is concluded that controlled smoking can be achieved by chronic smokers without significant relapse or compensation for at least six months following treatment. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Typical vs. maximal measures of personological variables.

Recent research has focused on various ways in which self-report personality measures might be improved. The present investigation continues this line of research by studying the effects of typical-maximal ratings, trait-consistency, familiarity, and interpersonal liking on self-reports of four personological variables behavior aggression, trait-aggression, trait-dominance, and trait-friendliness. The results revealed that maximal ratings were clearly superior to typical ratings. Furthermore, maximal ratings attenuated the effects of the moderator variable of trait-consistency. Subject-peer familiarity and interpersonal liking also demonstrated significant effects. Implications for personality assessment are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Parental influences on children's eating behavior and relative weight.

We investigated the relationship between selected parent behaviors, child mealtime behavior, and infant relative weight. Subjects were 7 male and 7 female children varying in age from 12 to 30 months (mean = 23.9 months). Each subject and parents were observed during the dinnertime meal on two occasions using the BATMAN (Bob and Tom's Method of Assessing Nutrition). The children spent 58% of the mealtime eating. They spent very little time making active decisions about what and how much they ate (food requests = 2% of the time; food refusals = 1% of the time). We found significant correlations between child relative weight and (a) parental prompts to eat (r = .81, p less than .001), (b) parental food offers (r = .51, p less than .05), and (c) parental encouragement to eat (r = .82, p less than .001). Thus, the present study suggests a relationship between certain parental variables and the relative weight of their children.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1982

The interactive effects of typical-maximal measures of aggression on private and public self-consciousness.

Recent reports have suggested that both self-consciousness and typical-maximal measures interact with the accuracy of subject-peer agreement. The current paper investigated (a) whether differing levels of a peer's private and public self-consciousness would also interact with subject-peer agreement, and (b) whether typical-maximal measures would interact with subject and peer self-consciousness. Results indicated that in every case in which there was a significant self-consciousness effect, there was also a corresponding interaction of self-consciousness with typical-maximal. These results suggest that maximal ratings may be preferable to typical ratings in the prediction of criterion behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Symptomatology across the menstrual cycle in smoking and nonsmoking women.

Recent studies suggest that both smoking rates and general menstrual symptomatology increase in women premenstrually; however, no study has investigated the changes in menstrual symptomatology and smoking behavior in both smoking and nonsmoking women over an entire menstrual cycle. Thirty premenopausal women completed daily symptom checklists over an entire menstrual cycle. Smokers also recorded their smoking behavior. Results indicated that symptom severity was greatest during menses for both smoking and nonsmoking women. For cigarette consumption, analyses indicated that women smokers appear to smoke more during menses and the luteal phases than ovulation and that variability in smoking was greatest premenstrually. In summary, results indicated that general menstrual symptomatology increases during menses and the late luteal phase and that smoking-deprivation symptomatology increase in both smokers and nonsmokers. This suggests that smokers may have a difficult time quitting during menses or the luteal phase of their cycle.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in food consumption and body weight associated with smoking cessation across menstrual cycle phase.

Forty women smokers were randomly assigned to smoking cessation for a 10-day period of time, either during the follicular or the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. Measurements of dietary intake and body weight were collected during the same phase the previous (smoking as usual) month and during the cessation phase. Physical activity was controlled across the 2 months. Comparisons between the smoking and cessation months indicated that both groups increased their dietary intake during the cessation month, but no interaction occurred between phase and month. That is, women in both groups increased dietary intake to the same degree. All energy nutrients tested (fat, complex carbohydrates, and sugar) increased significantly from baseline to cessation. Conversely, body weight increased by 1.8 kg (4 lb) in the Luteal group, while weight remained stable (0.1 kg change) in the Follicular group.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in the outcome of an unaided smoking cessation attempt.

There is conflicting evidence concerning gender differences in success at quitting smoking. Information is especially lacking regarding gender differences among unaided quitters who make up the vast majority of those attempting to quit. One hundred thirty-five smokers who made an unaided attempt at quitting were interviewed before quitting and were followed for 1 year after cessation. Relapse rates were extremely high both for men and women, with 62% of participants returning to regular smoking within 15 days after cessation. Women and men were equally likely to maintain short-term abstinence (through 15 days), but women were more than three times as likely to relapse subsequently. Nine percent of men, but no women, had biochemically verified sustained abstinence throughout the 1-year follow-up period. For both men and women, any smoking after the quit attempt inevitably led to full-blown relapse. Most participants resumed regular smoking within 24 hours after the first episode of smoking. Gender differences were observed for several variables related to smoking history, demographics, social support, perceived stress, and motivational factors, but these differences did not explain the increased risk of relapse for women. Our results clearly indicate that women are less likely than men to maintain long-term smoking abstinence following an unaided quit attempt, but reasons for this gender difference need further exploration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between a history of depression and adherence to a multicomponent smoking-cessation program.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a history of depression in female smokers (age 18-65) who did not self-report any current depression was associated with adherence to a multisession, multicomponent smoking-cessation program. Participants in a 13-week cognitive-behavioral group program plus random assignment to nicotine gum, appetite suppressant gum, or placebo chewing gum were grouped by depressive-history and compared on attendance, average expired carbon monoxide after planned cessation, and number of pieces of gum chewed. No significant differences between the depressive history (yes/no) subgroups were found on any of the three measures of adherence. The power to detect a significant difference (alpha = 0.05) was calculated to be 0.89. Group cognitive-behavioral treatment appears to be the basis of an effective smoking-cessation program for women with a history of depression who are not currently depressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is smoking associated with lower body mass in adolescents? A large-scale biracial investigation.

The present investigation evaluated the relationship between smoking and body weight (body mass index [BMI]) in a large, biracial sample of seventh-grade students. Participants were 6751 (5,607 African American, 1,144 White) seventh-grade students participating in an evaluation of smoking determinants in adolescence. In addition to providing, in this survey design, information about their smoking status, participants self-reported both their height and weight, which was converted into a BMI. Contrary to predictions, smoking was positively related to BMI. That is, with increasing levels of smoking exposure, BMI significantly increased. Thus, it appears that smoking is not related to lowered BMI in adolescent populations. Implications and possible reasons for these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smokeless tobacco use in a population of young adults.

The current study examined characteristics of smokeless tobacco users in a large population of Air Force recruits. In addition, smokeless tobacco users were compared to non-tobacco users, to cigarette smokers, and to users of both smokeless tobacco and cigarettes. Participants were 32,144 individuals who entered Basic Military Training from August 1995 to August 1996. A 53-item questionnaire assessed demographics, tobacco use history, risk taking, and other health-risk factors. Those who both chewed and smoked scored considerably higher on a number of risk factors than did those who limited their tobacco consumption to either cigarettes or chew. Cigarette smokers in turn tended to score consistently higher on self-reported risk factors than did nontobacco users.

Adolescent↗