Biomedical subjects

R C Klesges

Publications and source records attributed to R C Klesges.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

The effect of eating out on quality of diet in premenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the intake of women who report varying levels of frequency of consuming food at commercial facilities outside the home. DESIGN: A 1-week descriptive study of dietary intake in women. Subjects completed daily diet records that included information regarding the source of the food eaten at each meal or snack. The sample was divided on the basis of the number of meals each subject reported obtaining from a commercial establishment outside the home. Of the 129 subjects, 56% (n = 72) reported eating out 5 times or less during the week of recording (Low Eating Out group) and the remainder (n = 57) reported eating out between 6 and 13 times (High Eating Out group) SUBJECTS/SETTING: One hundred twenty-nine premenopausal women were recruited via community advertising for an investigation of health habits. This study was conducted in a midsouthern US city. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Results were analyzed using independent sample t tests and chi 2 tests. RESULTS: Mean intake was compared for the groups. The High Eating Out group was found to be consuming significantly more total energy (2,057 kcal vs 1,769 kcal; P = .002), fat (79.5 g vs 60.6 g; P < .001), and sodium (3,299 mg vs 2,903 mg; P = .043) and marginally more carbohydrate (261.5 g vs 234.6 g; P = .055) and protein (71.5 g vs 65.4 g; P = .066). Total fiber or calcium intake did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that women who report eating out a greater number of times per week report more total energy intake as well as higher fat and sodium intakes. However, the High Eating Out group did not consume significantly more fiber or calcium in the extra energy consumed.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Predictors of milk consumption in a population of 17- to 35-year-old military personnel.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to survey an entire population of Air Force recruits (N = 32,144) regarding milk consumption and demographic and health-related factors that may predict milk consumption. DESIGN: All subjects were required to fill out a 53-item health survey at the start of basic military training. SUBJECTS/SETTING: All recruits who entered the US Air Force from August 1995 to August 1996 participated in this study (N = 32,144). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Potential correlates of milk intake were analyzed using Spearman rank order correlations and multiple linear regression. Variables were removed if they did not make a meaningful contribution to variance in milk intake. Because of skewed distributions, several variables were dichotomized (e.g., age: 17 to 24 vs 25 to 35 years). RESULTS: In terms of milk consumption, 51.7% of the respondents reported intake of fewer than 1 serving per day; only 17.9% reported intake of 3 servings or more per day. Milk intake was positively associated with body weight and fruit/vegetable intake and negatively associated with age, education level, reported milk-related gastric distress, physical activity level, dieting frequency, and concern about weight. Gender (women reported lower intake) and ethnicity (minorities reported lower intake) were independently related to milk consumption. Of all respondents, 16.1% reported themselves to have milk-related gastric distress, but rates varied depending on age, gender, and ethnicity (ranging from 10.2% for younger non-Hispanic white men to 60.4% for older Asian men). APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Despite the efforts of large, costly campaigns designed to increase milk consumption, self-reported milk consumption in young adults is extremely low. Given the importance of dairy products as a major source of calcium in the American diet, dietetics practitioners should assess milk consumption among young adults to ensure sufficient calcium intake to maximize peak bone mass in this group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Efficacy of forced smoking cessation and an adjunctive behavioral treatment on long-term smoking rates.

This study evaluated the efficacy of a 6-week forced ban on smoking and brief behavioral counseling on long-term smoking rates. Participants were active-duty enrollees in U.S. Air Force basic military training over a 1-year period (N = 25,996). All participants were under a 6-week ban from tobacco products, and 75% were randomized to a brief smoking cessation intervention, with the other 25% randomized to a control condition. At 1-year follow-up, 18% of smokers were abstinent; women, ethnic minorities, and those intending to stay quit at baseline were more likely to be abstinent. Among smokers not planning to remain abstinent at baseline, those receiving the intervention were 1.73 times more likely to be abstinent. Over time, substantial smoking initiation occurred among nonsmokers (8% of never smokers, 26% of experimental smokers, and 43% of ex-smokers). Forced cessation is associated with good levels of long-term cessation, and brief behavioral interventions enhance cessation in certain subgroups.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

A study of the psychometric and predictive properties of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in a population of young smokers.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in a population (N = 7998) of young smokers entering US Air Force Basic Military Training (BMT). An exploratory factor analysis suggested that the FTND is comprised of two factors. The first factor, labeled Smoking Pattern, included items assessing the number of cigarettes smoked per day, time to first cigarette, difficulty refraining from smoking, and smoking when ill. The second factor, labeled Morning Smoking, consisted of two items measuring whether one smokes more in the morning and whether one would rather give up the first cigarette of the day or all others. The Smoking Pattern factor proved to have adequate internal consistency, impressive criterion-related validity, and was strongly related to smoking cessation 1 year following BMT. In contrast, the Morning Smoking factor demonstrated questionable psychometric properties and was not supported by a confirmatory factor analysis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

A population comparison of participants and nonparticipants in a health survey.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the characteristics of Air Force recruits willing to take part in a health survey vs those unwilling to participate. METHODS: US Air Force recruits undergoing basic military training (n = 32,144) were surveyed regarding demographic and health variables. RESULTS: Respondents indicating an unwillingness to participate in a health survey reported less healthy lifestyles than those willing to participate. Prediction equations modeling the characteristics of those engaging in 4 risky behaviors were nearly identical regardless of whether those refusing to participate were included. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that, despite some low estimates of health behaviors due to response bias, relationships between most risk factors are generally unaffected by those not responding to health surveys.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Prevalence and predictors of discharge in United States Air Force Basic Military Training.

The purpose of the current investigation was to determine the prospective predictors of discharge in a population of individuals entering U.S. Air Force Basic Military Training (BMT). Subjects were 32,144 consecutive individuals entering Air Force BMT. In the first week, subjects filled out a comprehensive lifestyle and behavioral assessment. Over time, a total of 1,999 subjects (6.2%) dropped out of BMT for a variety of reasons, the most common being medical (33.6%), psychiatric (21.3%), legal (20%), and poor performance (13.1%). Overall, discharges by gender were equal, but the reasons for discharge varied by gender. Ethnicity predicted for medical, psychiatric, and legal discharge. Results suggest that women and ethnic minorities are not biased in favor of discharge and that both lifestyle and psychosocial variables are consistent predictors of discharge. Future research could potentially yield other significant predictors of success versus discharge in the U.S. military.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

An examination of body weight standards and the association between weight and health behaviors in the United States Air Force.

This study examined the weight standards used by the U.S. Air Force and tested whether Air Force personnel who exceed the maximum allowable weight standard are more likely to engage in health risk behaviors compared with individuals who do not exceed current Air Force weight standards. Participants were 32,144 individuals who completed basic military training from August 1995 to August 1996. Compared with body mass levels known to predict increased health risks, the Air Force maximum allowable weight standards were found to be more stringent for women than for men. Furthermore, exceeding the maximum allowable weight standard of the weight management programs did not consistently indicate that an individual engaged in a less healthy lifestyle than other airmen. Perhaps other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, may be more closely linked to negative health consequences than body weight.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Relationships between stages of change in cigarette smokers and healthy lifestyle behaviors in a population of young military personnel during forced smoking abstinence.

This study evaluated the relationships between stages of change and related health behaviors in a population of smokers forced to quit smoking. Participants were 10,136 Air Force recruits who were in basic military training (BMT) and who were not allowed to smoke because of a ban on smoking during BMT. Participants were surveyed about their smoking history, their motivation and readiness to remain smoke free after BMT, and their behavior on 5 target health areas. Results indicated that smoking history best predicted stage of change. Though there were few gender differences, several ethnic differences emerged. These results suggest that, although stages of change involve both a cognitive and behavioral component, removing the behavioral component (smoking) through a smoking ban does not reduce the construct validity of the transtheoretical model.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The relationship between smoking and body weight in a population of young military personnel.

Evidence indicates that middle-aged smokers weigh less than nonsmokers and that smoking cessation reliably produces weight gain, but recent studies have questioned the weight control "benefits" of smoking in younger populations (the time that people typically initiate smoking). The relationship between smoking and body weight was evaluated in all U.S. Air Force Basic Military Training recruits during a 1-year period (n = 32,144). Those who smoked prior to Basic Military Training (n = 10,440) were compared to never smokers or experimental smokers. Results indicated that regular-current smoking had no relationship to body weight in women (p > .05) and a very small effect in men (p < .05). Ethnicity, education, income, and duration and intensity of smoking did not affect the relationship between smoking and body weight. It was concluded that smoking has no effects on the body weights of young women and minimal effects in young men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Smoking prevalence and risk factors for smoking in a population of United States Air Force basic trainees.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive assessment of smoking prevalence and risks for smoking in an entire population of United States Air Force (USAF) military basic trainees (n = 32,144). DESIGN: Population-based survey with every individual entering the USAF enlisted force from August 1995 to August 1996. SETTING: USAF Basic Military Training (BMT) facility at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. All trainees were assessed during the first week of BMT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A 53-item questionnaire was developed to assess four domains: demographics, smoking history, risk factors for smoking, and other health behaviours. RESULTS: Approximately 32% of the trainees smoked regularly before basic training and a small percentage of the trainees (7.6%) described themselves as ex-smokers. Men, Euro-Americans, and those from lower educational backgrounds were more likely to smoke than other trainees. On average, smokers had smoked for approximately four years and had low nicotine dependence scores. Individuals who had smoked before BMT were more likely to use other drugs (such as alcohol, binge drinking, smokeless tobacco), and were less physically active than never-smokers. These findings were particularly strong for those who smoked up to basic training but were also evident for ex-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is a prevalent risk factor among individuals entering the USAF. Furthermore, smoking was related to other risk factors believed to lower military readiness, including alcohol use and decreased physical activity. Comprehensive tobacco control policies aimed at reducing smoking among military trainees are needed.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Gender and ethnic differences in young adolescents' sources of cigarettes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the sources used by young adolescents to obtain cigarettes. DESIGN: In early 1994 a survey assessing usual sources of cigarettes and characteristics of the respondents was administered in homeroom classes. SETTING: A large urban, predominantly African American school system. SUBJECTS: A population-based sample of 6967 seventh graders averaging 13 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Reports of usual sources of cigarettes. RESULTS: At this age level, young smokers were more likely to get cigarettes from friends (31.2%) than buy them in stores (14.3%). However, the odds of purchasing varied for different groups of children. Regular smokers were much more likely (48.3%) to have purchased cigarettes than experimental smokers (9.6%), p < 0.001. Girls were less likely to have bought their cigarettes than boys (p < 0.001), and black smokers were less likely to have purchased cigarettes than white children (p < 0.001). Results suggested that family members who smoke may constitute a more important source of tobacco products than previously recognised, particularly for young girls. CONCLUSIONS: In this middle-school sample, peers provided the major point of cigarette distribution. However, even at this age, direct purchase was not uncommon. Sources of cigarettes varied significantly with gender, ethnicity, and smoking rate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The prospective relationships between smoking and weight in a young, biracial cohort: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

This study examined the relationship between smoking status and weight change from baseline to Year 7 in a large biracial cohort, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Unadjusted for covariates, only male smokers weighed less than nonsmokers, with no effect among women. Adjusted for covariates, male and female smokers weighed less than nonsmokers at baseline, adjusted for age, total energy intake, alcohol intake, and physical fitness. Over the 7-year follow-up, all smoking status groups gained weight, including continuous smokers and initiators. Weight gain was greatest among those who quit smoking. Weight gain attributable to smoking cessation was 4.2 kg for Whites and 6.6 kg for Blacks. Smoking had a small weight-attenuating effect on Blacks. No such effects, however, were observed among Whites. These results suggest, at least in younger smokers, that smoking has minimal impact on body weight.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Acute administration of phenylpropanolamine fails to affect resting energy expenditure in men of normal weight.

Studies have consistently found that dieters using over-the-counter weight control products containing phenylpropanolamine (PPA) are more successful at losing weight than those who do not. To explore the possibility that drug-induced metabolic changes contribute to weight loss associated with this compound, this study investigated the effects of PPA on resting metabolic rate in 20 healthy men of normal weight between the ages of 18 and 29. After the arrival of the subjects to the laboratory, blood pressure was taken and resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed for 20 minutes (Baseline) via indirect calorimetry. Half of the subjects were then given 75 mg of immediate-release PPA (administered orally via a gelatin capsule), while the other half received placebo. Immediately after drug administration, metabolic rate was measured for an additional 95 minutes (During Drug). After this assessment, blood pressure was again measured. Although significant increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed after PPA administration, the drug had no effect on REE or RQ. These results, consistent with that previously reported in mildly overweight women, further establish that it is unlikely that drug-induced metabolic changes contribute to PPA-induced weight loss in humans.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Women's health initiative. Why now? What is it? What's new?

Studies collectively named the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) are currently enrolling 164,500 postmenopausal women in several overlapping clinical trials and an observational study. The overall goals of WHI are to understand the determinants of postmenopausal women's health and to evaluate the efficacy of practical interventions in preventing the major causes of morbidity and mortality in older women. This article reviews the research leading to the WHI studies; describes the study designs and protocols, with an emphasis on what's new about WHI from a psychological perspective; and outlines the major psychosocial hypotheses under investigation and the major challenges WHI presents to psychological science.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

How much weight gain occurs following smoking cessation? A comparison of weight gain using both continuous and point prevalence abstinence.

Estimates of postcessation weight gain vary widely. This study determined the magnitude of weight gain in a cohort using both point prevalence and continuous abstinence criteria for cessation. Participants were 196 volunteers who participated in a smoking cessation program and who either continuously smoked (n = 118), were continuously abstinent (n = 51), or who were point prevalent abstinent (n = 27) (i.e., quit at the 1-year follow-up visit but not at others). Continuously abstinent participants gained over 13 lbs. (5.90 kg) at 1 year, significantly more than continuously smoking (M = 2.4 lb.) and point prevalent abstinent participants (M = 6.7 lbs., or 3.04 kg). Individual growth curve analysis confirmed that weight gain and the rate of weight gain (pounds per month) were greater among continuously smoking participants and that these effects were independent of gender, baseline weight, smoking and dieting history, age, and education. Results suggest that studies using point prevalence abstinence to estimate postcessation weight gain may be underestimating postcessation weight gain.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Are weight concerns predictive of smoking cessation? A prospective analysis.

Participants in an 8-session, community based smoking cessation intervention rated whether they would stay quit if they experienced weight gain. The majority reported that they would not relapse to smoking, even after a 20-lb, (9.07-kg) weight gain. Those who were weight concerned were more likely to be female, to weight less and be normal or underweight, and to report chronic dieting. This group was also significantly less likely to be abstinent posttreatment, and at the 1-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Individuals presenting for formal smoking cessation interventions may be less weight concerned than the general population of smokers. However, weight-concerned smokers who do present for treatment are less likely to quit smoking. Implications for recruitment and intervention are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Predictors of risk for different stages of adolescent smoking in a biracial sample.

This investigation was designed to identify the risk factors associated with different stages of cigarette use in a large biracial adolescent sample. A questionnaire assessing smoking habits and variables thought to be related to smoking was administered to 6,967 7th graders. Analysis revealed that the best predictor of experimentation with cigarettes was the perception that they were easily available. Regular smoking appeared to be heavily influenced by cost. Social influences contributed to both experimental and regular smoking, but the impact of social models varied with ethnicity and gender. Analysis further revealed that weight-related variables were closely tied to regular smoking. Implications of the findings for smoking prevention programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Ethnic and gender differences in risk factors for smoking onset.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore gender and ethnic differences in the prevalence of risk factors for smoking onset. As part of a larger study, 6,967 seventh graders completed a questionnaire measuring variables shown in previous research to predict cigarette smoking. The results indicated that at this age level, risk factors for smoking initiation are less prevalent among African Americans than European American youth and among girls relative to boys. These findings are consistent with the lower incidence of smoking among African Americans and girls at this young age. Future research should examine changes in risk factors over time to determine whether such changes accompany the rising smoking rate typically observed among girls and African Americans later in adolescence.

Adolescent↗