Biomedical subjects

R C Johnson

Publications and source records attributed to R C Johnson.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Psychosocial risk and protective influences in Hawaiian adolescent psychopathology.

A large community sample of adolescents of a Native Hawaiian (Asian/ Pacific Islander) minority group was studied along with a small comparison group of non-Hawaiians, for the relationship between psychopathology (as measured by standard symptom scales) and (a) perceived support from family and friends, and (b) discussing problems with others. Expected gender patterns for friend support but not for family support were found. The Hawaiian boys appeared atypical, reporting nearly equal family support as Hawaiian girls. Discussing problems with another person was correlated with lower anxiety and depression scores but not aggression and substance abuse scores. It is concluded that gender and cultural factors influence symptom prevalence and severity as well as the impact of psychosocial risk factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Platelets roll on stimulated endothelium in vivo: an interaction mediated by endothelial P-selectin.

P-selectin, found in storage granules of platelets and endothelial cells, can be rapidly expressed upon stimulation. Mice lacking this membrane receptor exhibit a severe impairment of leukocyte rolling. We observed that, in addition to leukocytes, platelets were rolling in mesenteric venules of wild-type mice. To investigate the role of P-selectin in this process, resting or activated platelets from wild-type or P-selectin-deficient mice were fluorescently labeled and transfused into recipients of either genotype. Platelet-endothelial interactions were monitored by intravital microscopy. We observed rolling of either wild-type or P-selectin-deficient resting platelets on wild-type endothelium. Endothelial stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 increased the number of platelets rolling 4-fold. Activated P-selectin-deficient platelets behaved similarly, whereas activated wild-type platelets bound to leukocytes and were seen rolling together. Platelets of either genotype, resting or activated, interacted minimally with mutant endothelium even after A23187 treatment. The velocity of platelet rolling was 6- to 9-fold greater than that of leukocytes. Our results demonstrate that (i) platelets roll on endothelium in vivo, (ii) this interaction requires endothelial but not platelet P-selectin, and (iii) platelet rolling appears to be independent of platelet activation, indicating constitutive expression of a P-selectin ligand(s) on platelets. We have therefore observed an interesting parallel between platelets and leukocytes in that both of these blood cell types roll on stimulated vessel wall and that this process is dependent on the expression of endothelial P-selectin.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Blood cell dynamics in P-selectin-deficient mice.

P-selectin is expressed on the surfaces of activated platelets and endothelium where it mediates binding to leukocytes. P-selectin-deficient mice were shown to exhibit peripheral neutrophilia (Mayadas et al: Cell 74:541, 1993). We now show that this is not caused by changes in bone marrow precursors nor by a lack of neutrophil margination. Both P-selectin-positive and -negative animals displayed similar increases in peripheral blood neutrophil numbers after injection of epinephrine. However, clearance of 51Chromium-labeled neutrophils is delayed in mice deficient for P-selectin, indicating that the neutrophilia is at least in part the result of delayed removal. We detected no obvious alterations in lymphocyte differentiation, distribution, or adhesion to high endothelial venules in peripheral lymph nodes. Through intravital microscopy, we examined the impact of P-selectin deficiency on leukocyte/endothelial interaction beyond the initial stages of inflammation. Four hours after the administration of an inflammatory irritant, leukocyte rolling was observed even in the absence of P-selectin. There were significantly fewer rolling cells relative to wild-type mice, and their velocity was reduced. Moreover, in the peritonitis model, the number of peritoneal macrophages in wild-type mice increased threefold at 48 hours, whereas the macrophages in the mutant mice remained near baseline levels. Thus, whereas P-selectin is known to be involved in early stages of an inflammatory response, our results indicate that it is additionally responsible for leukocyte rolling and macrophage recruitment in more prolonged tissue injury.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

A prospective study of the seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in patients with severe heart failure.

We conclude that Lyme disease is not a common cause of idiopathic heart failure in the Midwestern United States and that false-positive Lyme disease serologic results are not rare among patients with severe heart failure. Patients with significant cardiac disease who are found to be EIA seropositive should have confirmatory Western blots performed before consideration of treatment. Based on our findings, we cannot recommend either the routine serologic screening of patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy or aggressive (e.g., parenteral) antibiotic treatment of seropositive patients unless the specific clinical history suggests antecedent Lyme disease.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1995

DNA looping by Saccharomyces cerevisiae high mobility group proteins NHP6A/B. Consequences for nucleoprotein complex assembly and chromatin condensation.

The formation of higher order protein.DNA structures often requires bending of DNA strands between specific sites, a process that can be facilitated by the action of nonspecific DNA-binding proteins which serve as assembly factors. A model for this activity is the formation of the invertasome, an intermediate structure created in the Hin-mediated site-specific DNA inversion reaction, which is stimulated by the prokaryotic nucleoid-associated protein HU. Previously, we have shown that the mammalian HMG1/2 proteins substitute for HU in this system and display efficient DNA wrapping activity in vitro. In the present work, we isolate the primary sources of assembly factor activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as measured by the ability to stimulate invertasome formation, and show that these are the previously identified NHP6A/B proteins. NHP6A/B have comparable or greater activity in DNA binding, bending, and supercoiling with respect to HU and HMG1 and appear to form more stable protein.DNA complexes. In addition, expression of NHP6A in mutant Escherichia coli cells lacking HU and Fis restores normal morphological appearance to these cells, specifically in nucleoid condensation and segregation. From these data we predict diverse architectural roles for NHP6A/B in manipulating chromosome structure and promoting the assembly of multicomponent protein.DNA complexes.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Neovascularization of synthetic membranes directed by membrane microarchitecture.

Transplantation of tissues enclosed within a membrane device designed to protect the cells from immune rejection (immunoisolation) provides an opportunity to treat a variety of disease conditions. Successful implementation of immunoisolation has been hampered by the foreign-body reaction to biomaterials. We screened a variety of commercially available membranes for foreign-body reactions following implantation under the skin of rats. Histologic analysis revealed that neovascularization at the membrane-tissue interface occurred in several membranes that had pore sizes large enough to allow complete penetration by host cells (0.8-8 microns pore size). When the vascularization of the membrane-tissue interface of 5-microns-pore-size polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes was compared to 0.02-microns-pore-size PTFE membranes, it was found that the larger pore membranes had 80-100-fold more vascular structures. The increased vascularization was observed even though the larger pore membrane was laminated to a smaller pore inner membrane to prevent cell entry into the prototype immunoisolation device. This significantly higher level of vascularization was maintained for 1 year in the subcutaneous site in rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Arylsulfatase A and beta-galactosidase activities in leukocytes and lymphocytes from normal and psychiatric subjects. Effects of blood-processing delay and interleukin-2 stimulation.

Arylsulfatase A (ASA) and cerebroside-beta-galactosidase activities in leukocytes serve as a diagnostic tool for determining the presence of metachromatic leukodystrophy and globoid cell leukodystrophy, respectively. It has not been demonstrated whether a delay in blood processing and the presence of mixed cell types in different proportions in leukocytes affect the activities of the two enzymes in these cells. We have in the present study determined the specific activity in leukocytes and lymphocytes (T-cells) prepared from blood samples processed immediately after, 4, and 24 h after collection. In order to determine whether the enzyme activities in lymphocytes reflect expression of genetic trait, and not environmental or "state" influence, the activities of the two enzymes in interleukin 2-stimulated T-cells and resting T-cells were compared. A delay of up to 24 h in blood processing did not significantly change the specific activities of the two enzymes in both leukocytes and lymphocytes. The specific activity of ASA and beta-galactosidase in lymphocytes was 1.4-1.8 times that in leukocytes. The activities of the two enzymes in interleukin 2-stimulated T-cells did not differ from those in resting T-cells. These results indicate that blood-processing delay had no significant effects on ASA and beta-galactosidase activity. The data further indicate that the ASA and beta-galactosidase activity in interleukin 2-stimulated T-cells was not significantly different from resting lymphocytes from either normal or psychiatric subjects exposed to various medications. The activity levels in lymphocytes from psychiatric subjects thus reflect expression of genetic trait, rather than environmental or state influence.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from human tick bite sites: a guide to the risk of infection.

BACKGROUND: The risk of acquiring Lyme disease has been evaluated by xenodiagnostic procedures with laboratory strains of Borrelia burgdorferi and laboratory-reared Ixodes ticks, or by clinical trials in which diagnosis was based on clinical findings, culture, or serologic tests. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the risk of infection from tick bites in a natural setting in which wild strains of B. burgdorferi were involved, by a biopsy culture technique. METHODS: Skin biopsy specimens were obtained from Ixodes scapularis tick bite sites, processed, and examined for the presence of B. burgdorferi. RESULTS: B. burgdorferi was cultivated from only 2 of 48 skin biopsy specimens. In both instances duration of tick attachment was approximately 24 hours. CONCLUSION: In a hyperendemic region for Lyme disease the risk of infection after a deer tick bite appears to be low, particularly if the tick has been attached for less than 24 hours.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Bloodstream invasion in early Lyme disease: results from a prospective, controlled, blinded study using the polymerase chain reaction.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to determine (1) the optimal techniques for and potential diagnostic usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in early Lyme disease, and (2) the true frequency and clinical correlates of PCR-documented blood-borne infection in the dissemination of Lyme disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, controlled, blinded study of PCR, culture, and serology on fractionated blood samples from 105 patients; 76 with physician-diagnosed erythema migrans and 29 controls. Clinical characteristics of the patients were obtained with a standardized data entry form and correlated with results of the laboratory studies. RESULTS: Only 4 of the 76 (5.3%) patients with erythema migrans were culture positive; however, 14 of 76 (18.4%) had spirochetemia documented by PCR of their plasma. None of 29 controls were PCR or culture positive (P = 0.007, versus patients). PCR-documented spirochetemia correlated with clinical evidence of disseminated disease; 10 of 33 patients (30.3%) with systemic symptom(s) were PCR positive compared to 4 of 43 (9.3%) without such evidence (P = 0.02). PCR positivity was more frequent among patients with each of four specific symptoms: fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and headache (all P < 0.05). A higher total number of symptoms (median 2.5 in PCR-positive patients versus 0 in PCR-negative controls; P < 0.01) and the presence of multiple skin lesions (37.5% of patients with multiple, versus 13.3% of patients with single lesions [P = 0.04] were also correlated with PCR positivity. Patients with both systemic symptoms and multiple skin lesions had a 40% PCR-positivity rate; however, 4 of 42 (9.5%) asympatomatic patients with only single erythema migrans lesions were also PCR positive. In multivariate analysis using logistic regression, the number of systemic symptoms was the strongest independent predictor of PCR positivity (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: PCR detection of Borrelia burgdorferi is at least three times more sensitive than culture for identifying spirochetemia in early Lyme disease and may be useful in rapid diagnosis. PCR positivity significantly correlates with clinical evidence of disease dissemination. Bloodstream invasion is an important and common mechanism for the dissemination of the Lyme disease spirochete.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed1995

Brevinema andersonii gen. nov., sp. nov., an infectious spirochete isolated from the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) and the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus).

A spirochete which infects short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) has been shown previously to be ultrastructurally and serologically distinct from other spirochetes. Two of the original isolates from Connecticut and Minnesota and 16 new isolates obtained from shrews captured in Minnesota were characterized phenotypically and genetically in this study. A comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences of two shrew isolates and one mouse isolate and the 16S rRNA sequences of 16 other spirochetes and Escherichia coli revealed that these organisms exhibited low levels of similarity (range of similarity values, 73.9 to 77.8%; average level of similarity, 74.7%). The shrew and mouse isolates which we examined formed a deeply branching subgroup that was clearly distinct from the other genera of spirochetes examined. These and other results indicated that the new spirochetes represent a unique taxon in the order Spirochaetales. Accordingly, we propose that they should be classified as members of a new genus, Brevinema. The three strains of Brevinema which we examined had 16S rRNA sequences that were nearly identical. We also compared these isolates by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fatty acid and enzyme analyses, restriction endonuclease analysis, and Southern hybridization and found that the levels of genetic and phenotypic homogeneity among the strains were very high. We concluded that the isolates which we examined were members of a single species, for which we propose the name Brevinema andersonii. The type strain of Brevinema andersonii is CT11616 (= ATCC 43811).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Group similarities in beliefs concerning the causes of alcohol problems and the effectiveness of means of overcoming problem alcohol use.

Four hundred and eight respondents, who did or did not know persons close to themselves with alcohol problems, from four different racial/ethnic groups (with one group, Filipinos, categorized in terms of whether they were born in the Philippines or in the U.S.) rated the importance of 19 different causes of problem alcohol use and 22 different means of overcoming problem alcohol use. Rank-order correlations across sexes, persons differing in exposure to problem drinkers, and ethnic groups were nearly all in the 0.90's regarding causation. Correlations of Caucasians' ratings with those of other groups were high, but only in the 0.60's and 0.70's, chiefly because Caucasians were more prone to regard problem alcohol use as hereditary and as a disease, and less likely to believe problem use to result from social factors. All across-group correlations concerning beliefs about the effectiveness of means of overcoming problems were in the 0.90's. Some of the means of treatment regarded most highly by all groups have not been demonstrated to be effective.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Lung compliance following cardiac arrest.

OBJECTIVE: To determine lung compliance in patients who had out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. METHODS: A prospective, observational study of patients suffering nontraumatic cardiopulmonary arrest and requiring CPR at one university hospital ED. Following termination of resuscitation efforts, lung compliance was measured. Measurements were made while inflating the lung from 250 mL to 2,000 mL (in 250-mL increments) using a calibrated supersyringe. Airway flow and pressure were measured at the endotracheal tube with a pneumotachograph and a pressure transducer. Flow and pressure signals were recorded by a respiratory monitor and used to construct pressure-volume curves for calculation of lung compliance. RESULTS: The 25 cardiac arrest patients (17 men, eight women) had a mean (+/- SD) age of 65 +/- 7 years. Mean lung compliance was 0.051 +/- 0.011 L/cm H2O. Lung compliance was smaller at low lung volumes, suggesting the presence of alveolar collapse. Compliance values from 500 mL to 1,500 mL were similar. Compliance also diminished with increasing duration of CPR. CONCLUSIONS: One previous publication suggested that lung compliance following resuscitation is 0.022 L/cm H2O. The results of this study, using the accepted standard measurements of static lung compliance, suggest that true compliance is twice this value. This finding has important ramifications for future research on ventilation during resuscitation and current ventilation standards.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Immunosuppression, macroencapsulation and ultraviolet-B irradiation as immunoprotection in porcine pancreatic islet xenotransplantation.

Membrane encapsulation or ultraviolet-B irradiation, with or without mild immunosuppressive treatment, was applied in order to prolong the survival of xenogeneic porcine foetal pancreatic grafts. Non-diabetic C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with porcine islet-like cell clusters, either membrane-encapsulated in the epididymal fat pad, or non-encapsulated under the kidney capsule. The animals were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of either cyclosporin A (12.5 mg/kg b.wt.), 15-deoxyspergualin (5.0 mg/kg b.wt.), ethyl (E)-6- (1,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-isobenzofuranyl) -4-methyl-4- hexenoate. (RS-61443) (70 mg/kg b.wt.) or with cyclophosphamide (70 mg/kg b.wt.) every second day. A fulminant mononuclear cell infiltration was observed 14 days after transplantation both around the subcapsular graft and outside the membranes in the saline treated control group. The membrane had pores of 0.45 micron and was designed to allow macromolecule transport but prevents cells from crossing. Therefore, xenoantigens can escape from the membrane implants and cause an immune reaction. A significantly weaker mononuclear cell infiltration was, however, seen when the membrane barrier was combined with 15-deoxyspergualin, cyclophosphamide or RS-61443 treatment but the morphology of the encapsulated ICC was not improved. The best subcapsular, non-encapsulated graft survival was obtained in animals treated with 15-deoxyspergualin or cyclophosphamide and the graft insulin content measurements confirmed the morphological data. There was no prolongation of islet-like cell cluster graft survival under the kidney capsule after ultraviolet-B irradiation alone (650 J/m2 for 90 sec.), and no synergistic effect was observed when ultraviolet-B irradiation was combined with 15-deoxyspergualin therapy (2.0 mg/kg b.wt.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1995

aldB, an RpoS-dependent gene in Escherichia coli encoding an aldehyde dehydrogenase that is repressed by Fis and activated by Crp.

Escherichia coli aldB was identified as a gene that is negatively regulated by Fis but positively regulated by RpoS. The complete DNA sequence determined in this study indicates that aldB encodes a 56.3-kDa protein which shares a high degree of homology with an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase encoded by acoD of Alcaligenes eutrophus and an aldehyde dehydrogenase encoded by aldA of Vibrio cholerae and significant homology with a group of other aldehyde dehydrogenases from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Expression of aldB is maximally induced during the transition from exponential phase to stationary phase. Its message levels are elevated three- to fourfold by a fis mutation and abolished by an rpoS mutation. In addition, the expression of an aldB-lacZ fusion was decreased about 20-fold in the absence of crp. DNase I footprinting analysis showed that five Fis binding sites and one Crp binding site are located within the aldB promoter region, suggesting that Fis and Crp are acting directly to control aldB transcription. AldB expression is induced by ethanol, but in contrast to that of most of the RpoS-dependent genes, the expression of aldB is not altered by an increase in medium osmolarity.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗

PubMed1995

Fis activates the RpoS-dependent stationary-phase expression of proP in Escherichia coli.

Fis is a general nucleoid-associated protein in Escherichia coli whose expression is highly regulated with respect to growth conditions. A random collection of transposon-induced lac fusions was screened for those which give increased expression in the presence of Fis in order to isolate a ProP-LacZ protein fusion. We find that proP, which encodes a low-affinity transporter of the important osmoprotectants proline and glycine betaine, is transcribed from two promoters. proP1 is transiently induced upon subculture and is upregulated by increases in medium osmolarity. As cells enter stationary phase, a second promoter, proP2, is strongly induced. This promoter can also be induced by high medium osmolarity in exponential phase. The activity of proP2 depends on Fis and the stationary-phase sigma factor sigmas. In the presence of Fis, proP2 expression is increased over 50-fold, as judged by the LacZ activity of cells carrying the proP-lacZ fusion as well as by direct RNA analysis, making this the most strongly activated promoter by Fis that has been described. Two Fis binding sites centered at positions -41 (site I) and -81 (site II) with respect to the transcription initiation site of P2 have been defined by DNase I footprinting. Mutations in site I largely abolish stationary-phase activation, while mutations at site II have a minor effect, suggesting that direct binding of Fis to site I is important for Fis-mediated activation of this promoter. In addition to Fis and sigmas, sequences located over 108 bp upstream of the proP2 transcription initiation site are required for efficient expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Identification of genes negatively regulated by Fis: Fis and RpoS comodulate growth-phase-dependent gene expression in Escherichia coli.

Fis is a nucleoid-associated protein in Escherichia coli that has been shown to regulate recombination, replication, and transcription reactions. It is expressed in a transient manner under batch culturing conditions such that high levels are present during early exponential phase and low levels are present during late exponential phase and stationary phase. We have screened a random collection of transposon-induced lac fusions for those which give decreased expression in the presence of Fis. Thirteen different Fis-repressed genes were identified, including glnQ (glutamine high-affinity transport), mglA (methyl-galactoside transport), xylF (D-xylose-binding protein), sdhA (succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit), and a newly identified aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldB. The LacZ expression patterns revealed that many of the fusions were maximally expressed at different stages of growth, including early log phase, mid- to late log phase, and stationary phase. The expression of some of the late-exponential- and stationary-phase genes was dependent on the RpoS sigma factor, whereas that of others was affected negatively by RpoS. We conclude that Fis negatively regulates a diverse set of genes and that RpoS can function to both activate and inhibit the expression of specific genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Sequence, regulation, and functions of fis in Salmonella typhimurium.

The fis operon from Salmonella typhimurium has been cloned and sequenced, and the properties of Fis-deficient and Fis-constitutive strains were examined. The overall fis operon organization in S. typhimurium is the same as that in Escherichia coli, with the deduced Fis amino acid sequences being identical between both species. While the open reading frames upstream of fis have diverged slightly, the promoter regions between the two species are also identical between -49 and +94. Fis protein and mRNA levels fluctuated dramatically during the course of growth in batch cultures, peaking at approximately 40,000 dimers per cell in early exponential phase, and were undetectable after growth in stationary phase. fis autoregulation was less effective in S. typhimurium than that in E. coli, which can be correlated with the absence or reduced affinity of several Fis-binding sites in the S. typhimurium fis promoter region. Phenotypes of fis mutants include loss of Hin-mediated DNA inversion, cell filamentation, reduced growth rates in rich medium, and increased lag times when the mutants are subcultured after prolonged growth in stationary phase. On the other hand, cells constitutively expressing Fis exhibited normal logarithmic growth but showed a sharp reduction in survival during stationary phase. During the course of these studies, the sigma 28-dependent promoter within the hin-invertible segment that is responsible for fljB (H2) flagellin synthesis was precisely located.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Phenotypic analysis of outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by monoclonal antibodies: relationship to genospecies and OspA serotype.

Molecular analyses of the genes encoding OspC, a major immunodominant protein of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, revealed a considerable degree of heterogeneity. In the present study, we investigated whether a similar heterogeneity of the OspC phenotype can be shown by analysis with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Thirteen OspC-specific MAbs (L22 MAbs) were produced by immunizing mice with either different combinations of whole-cell antigens or recombinantly expressed OspCs cloned from strains belonging to different Borrelia spp. Ten of them differed in their reactivities with various strains. Western blot (immunoblot) analyses of 38 B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains resulted in 13 different reactivity patterns. These 13 different patterns were observed among only six different OspA serotypes, indicating that OspC is more heterogeneous than OspA. Patterns 1 to 4 were present only in B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, patterns 5 to 7 were present only in Borrelia afzelii, and patterns 9 to 13 were present only in Borrelia garinii. Pattern 8 was observed among B. afzelii and B. garinii strains but not among B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strains. One L22 MAb (2B8) recognized a common OspC-specific epitope of all 38 B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains analyzed, and another one (22C11) recognized a common epitope of OspC from both B. afzelii and B. garinii and was not reactive with OspC from B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. Western blot and sequence analysis of truncated OspCs located the 22C11 epitope as well as a species-specific sequence motif between amino acids 20 and 35. Other broadly reactive L22 MAbs were 10D3, 1F8, and 7G5. Some L22 MAbs (1C3, 1C3, 12E5, 1B11, 1F10, and 6C8) bound to epitopes present only in a few strains. Relapsing fever borreliae (Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia turicatae, and Borrelia duttoni) were nonreactive, with the following exception: three L22 MAbs (2B8, 6C4, and 10C5) recognized an abundantly expressed 20-kDa-range protein of B. turicatae. Because OspC is an immunodominant protein during the early immune response in Lyme borreliosis and has been shown to be effective as a vaccine in an animal model, our findings have important implications for the development of diagnostic reagents as well as vaccine research.

Amino Acid Sequence↗