Lipid preservation in Lindow Man.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
R C Connolly
Publications and source records attributed to R C Connolly.
The influence of parity, age and maturity of pregnancy on antimicrobial proteins in human milk.
Sequential samples of colostrum, transitional and mature milk from 47 women were investigated to determine the concentrations of 11S IgA, IgG, IgM, alpha 1-antitrypsin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, B1A globulin (C3) and B1E globulin (C4) by single radial immunodiffusion. These were all found to be high in colostrum with a decline in concentration as lactation proceeds although a wide variation in concentration was noted between different individuals at any given post-partum time interval. For each time interval considered, parity, age and maturity of pregnancy did not appear to influence significantly the variation in protein concentrations. Statistical analyses of the results obtained from samples taken during the first four days of lactation, when protein concentrations were highest, showed that parity and age did influence the variation in antimicrobial protein concentrations when examined using an analysis of variance but significantly higher concentrations of protective proteins were not consistently seen in the milk from any one or more parity or age groups. Mean concentrations of all proteins excluding IgA were found to be greater in those women delivering before their expected date of confinement during the first four days of lactation. This was statistically significant for C3 and C4 and approaching significance (p less than 0.08) for alpha 1-antitrypsin.
Adolescent↗
Sequential changes in the antimicrobial protein concentrations in human milk during lactation and its relevance to banked human milk.
The concentrations of eight antimicrobial proteins, 11S IgA, IgG, IgM, alpha 1-antitrypsin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, C3, and C4 were measured in sequential samples of colostrum, transitional and mature milk from 47 women in Merseyside, England by single radial immunodiffusion. Concentrations were highest in colostrum and then declined until relatively stable concentrations were reached in mature milk. A wide variation in protein concentrations was noted in the milk from different individuals at any given postpartum time interval and this was particularly so during the first 4 days postpartum. The decline in individual antimicrobial protein concentrations seen in samples of transitional milk appeared to take a variable period of time to stabilize to mature milk concentrations of each protein. These variations may reflect different rates of transport or secretion of these proteins from the alveolar epithelial cells into the alveolar lumen. Because of the wide variations in antimicrobial proteins observed in milk samples from the individuals in this study at similar postpartum time intervals, it is suggested that banked milk should be monitored not only for bacterial contamination, but also for levels of antimicrobial proteins, if it is considered that a major advantage of unprocessed human milk is the immune protection which it confers.
Complement C3↗
Medical-school entry.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
College Admission Test↗