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Biomedical subjects

R Brown

Publications and source records attributed to R Brown.

At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Heparin requirements in pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis: a prospective study.

To investigate the relationship between the clinical diagnosis of thromboembolic disease and heparin requirements for anticoagulation, we prospectively studied 31 patients suspected to have either deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Six had the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism confirmed by a combination of ventilation and perfusion scans with pulmonary angiography, eight had venograms showing deep vein thrombosis, seven had diseases which mimicked pulmonary embolism, and ten had normal venograms. These four diagnostic groups were not significantly different with respect to heparin requirements during the first 24 hours of therapy (mean +/- S.D. = 426 +/- 105, 507 +/- 105, 434 +/-79, and 457 +/- 46 units/kg per 24 hours, respectively). Patients with pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis did not differ significantly with respect to heparin requirements (UNITS/kg per 24 hours) on the second (386 +/- 108 vs. 439 +/- 127), third (415 +/- 136 vs. 464 +/- 130), and fourth (374 +/- 104 vs. 418 +/- 127) days of therapy. Our data suggest that the clinical diagnosis does not affect the dose of heparin necessary to anticoagulate patients with pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis.

Adult↗
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Child weighing by the unschooled: a report of a controlled study of growth monitoring over 12 months of Maasai children using direct recording scales.

Growth monitoring was developed as a clinic-based programme in the early 1960s, and has spread widely in many countries. The results of weighing children are usually presented in a graphic form, unintelligible to most mothers and difficult for many health workers to interpret. This study suggests that the TALC Direct Recording Scale will allow growth monitoring to be undertaken even by illiterate mothers in the community and reports the results of a trial with a group of illiterate mothers amongst the Maasai of Kenya.

Adult↗
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Arginine vasotocin and aggression in rats.

Pinealectomized (PX) and sham animals were administered either AVT (1 ng/kg) or vehicle (1 ml H20). Boxing-kicking-biting episodes were significantly reduced by administration of AVT, F(1,21) = 8.09, p less than 0.009. Crawling under behavior was increased in PXH20 animals (p less than 0.05). Non-aggressive rearing was decreased by administration of AVT, F(1,21) = 4.75, p less than 0.04. These results are in agreement with previous findings that AVT lowers emotionality-arousal. Results are discussed in terms of vasotonergic effects on central monoamines.

Aggression↗
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An increase in startle response in rats administered oxytocin.

Twenty-four male albino Wistar rats were allocated to four groups and given either 23.2, 11.6 or 5.8 IU OXT/kg or vehicle (0.9% saline). A significant increase in startle response was observed in the 11.6 and 5.8 IU OXT/kg groups when compared to vehicle. Our results further support the suggestion that OXT is a "stress hormone" by implicating this peptide with increased emotionality/reactivity during a stressful experience.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Domoic acid: neurobehavioral and neurohistological effects of low-dose exposure in adult rats.

Adult rats treated IP with domoic acid at 0, 0.22, 0.65, or 1.32 mg/kg were tested for passive avoidance (PA), auditory startle (AS), or conditioned avoidance (CAR) behaviors. Clinical signs were observed only at the 1.32 mg/kg dose level. Within 24 h of dosing, rats surviving a dose of 1.32 mg/kg exhibited transient decreased body weight and exaggerated AS responding. Startle latency and habituation, PA, and CAR were not affected. Examination of brains from six rats per group revealed a subset (2/6) of animals receiving 1.32 mg/kg domoic acid with degenerating neurons in the hippocampal CA1/CA3 subregions and gliosis. The decreased body weight and increased startle suggest a hyperreactivity syndrome possibly related to neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus. In a separate experiment, domoic acid at an IP dose of 0.93 mg/kg was found to produce hypomotility in addition to a decrease in body weight. Both effects were reduced by pretreatment with scopolamine (2 mg/kg), but not with caffeine (30 mg/kg), indicating a possible cholinergic involvement in domoate's toxicity.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
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Sharing international experiences in disasters: summary and action plan.

INTRODUCTION: The discussions in this theme provided an opportunity to share specific experiences with disasters that occurred outside of the Asia-Pacific Rim. METHODS: Details of the methods used are provided in the preceding paper. The chairs moderated all presentations and produced a summary that was presented to an assembly of all of the delegates. Since the findings from the Theme 7 and Theme 3 groups were similar, the chairs of both groups presided over one workshop that resulted in the generation of a set of action plans that then were reported to the collective group of all delegates. RESULTS: The main points developed during the presentations and discussion included: (1) disaster response planning, (2) predetermined command and organizational structure, (3) rapid response capability, (4) mitigation, and (5) communications and alternatives. DISCUSSION: The action plans presented are in common with those presented by Theme 3, and include: (1) plan disaster responses including the different types, identification of hazards, training based on experiences, and provision of public education; (2) improving coordination and control; (3) maintaining communications assuming infrastructure breakdown; (4) maximizing mitigation through standardized evaluations, creation of a legal framework, and recognition of advocacy and public participation; and (5) providing resources and knowledge through access to existing therapies, using the media, and increasing decentralization of hospital inventories. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the problems that occurred outside the Asia-Pacific rim relative to disaster management are similar to those experienced within it. They should be addressed in common with the rest of the world.

Communication↗
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The glycoprotein encoded by the X-linked chronic granulomatous disease locus is a component of the neutrophil cytochrome b complex.

The bacteriocidal capacity of phagocytic cells is impaired in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD), a disorder characterized by the absence of functional plasma-membrane-associated NADPH oxidase. The components of this oxidase system, their correspondence with specific genetic loci, and the primary protein defect in X-CGD remain incompletely defined. We recently reported cloning of the putative X-CGD gene on the basis of DNA linkage. To identify the predicted protein in vivo, antibodies were raised to a synthetic peptide derived from the complementary DNA sequence and to a fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli. In Western blots antisera detect a neutrophil protein of relative molecular mass in 90,000 (90K) that is absent in X-CGD patients. Antisera also react with the larger component of cytochrome b recently purified from neutrophil plasma membranes as a complex of glycosylated 90K and non-glycosylated 22K polypeptides. Based on our identification of the X-CGD protein in vivo, we propose that one of its critical roles is to interact with the 22K species to form a functional cytochrome b complex.

Antigens↗
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Effect of a ground critical care transport service on air medical helicopter utilization.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of adding a ground critical care ambulance service on the utilization of the pre-existing helicopter air ambulance. METHODS: A retrospective review of the requests for the helicopter was performed during each of three periods: one year prior to initiation of the ground service; the first six months after initiation of the ground service, during which the ground critical care ambulance operated 12 hours daily; and the subsequent six months, during which the ground critical care ambulance operated 24 hours daily. To control for any increase in the demand for health care services, hospital admission rates were used to standardize the helicopter utilization data. Means were compared using ANOVA. RESULTS: Prior to initiation of the ground service, flight requests averaged 82 per month. During the period when the ground service was in place on a 24-hour basis, flight requests averaged 105 per month, a significant increase (p = 0.0010). Although hospital admissions during the same period increased (2,410 to 2,624, p = 0.0001), demand for the helicopter service increased at a faster rate. Flights per 100 admissions increased from 2.3 to 2.9, which is statistically significant (p = 0.0152). CONCLUSION: The attempt to decrease the demand for a helicopter air ambulance by initiating a parallel ground ambulance service was not successful. Programs adding a ground critical care ambulance to existing helicopter services should not expect a decrease in utilization of the helicopter. These services should be viewed as complementary but not interchangeable.

Air Ambulances↗
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Peritonitis due to Prototheca wickerhamii in a patient undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

A 72-year-old man who was undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis developed peritonitis due to Prototheca wickerhamii. Results of in vitro sensitivity testing revealed that the organism was sensitive to amphotericin B (MIC, 0.4 micrograms/mL) but resistant to fluconazole (MIC, greater than 80 micrograms/mL). The patient was successfully treated medically with a combination of intravenous amphotericin B and oral doxycycline.

Administration, Oral↗
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Rapid determination of low pg/mg amounts of N-nitrosodiethylamine in rodent body fluid and tissue samples by isotope dilution high resolution mass spectrometry.

A rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective method for the determination of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in rodent tissue and body fluid samples is reported. The method involves isolation of the NDEA from the samples with subsequent detection and quantitation of observed NDEA against mass-labeled N-(15N)-nitrosodiethyl-(15N)-amine (15N2DEA) by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring. Validation of the method included linearity studies of NDEA response, calculation of the relative response factor (RRF) for NDEA versus 15N2DEA, and absolute recovery studies. Estimates of precision, detection limit, and minimum quantifiable limit are also reported.

Animals↗
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Developmental assessment: 18 months to 4 1/2 years. The Bus Puzzle Test.

The Bus Puzzle Test for assessing developing language and some performance skills has been standardized on a sample of 425 children living in an inner city area and a rural market town. The age range was 18 months to 4 1/2 years. The study provides levels of achievement in comprehension by age and shows the importance of the 27-33 months period in the development of situational understanding. Assessment of expressive language takes account of the strategies employed by young children to express meaning. The early stages of form perception are examined. Results are provided in graphic and tabular forms and provide a data base for converting an individual child's scores into variation from average.

Child Development↗
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Vision testing of young children in the age range 18 months to 4 1/2 years.

Four hundred and twenty-five normal children in the age range 18 months to 4 1/2 years have been studied to determine the percentage of children according to age who can be expected to cooperate in a letter-matching vision test using a key card; to see whether the use of plastic letters to replace the key card lowers the age at which a letter-matching test can be achieved, and to show that children in this age range can do a vision test at 20ft (6m). Acceptance of occlusion using a patch occluder was also examined. The study shows that children effectively begin to cooperate in letter-matching vision tests using a key card from 33 months of age. Replacement of the key card with plastic letters lowers the age to 30 months and thereafter there is a gain of some 25% of children up to 39 months. All children were successfully tested at 20ft (6m). The most difficult age for occlusion was in the age group around the second birthday.

Age Factors↗
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Developmental assessment: 18 months to 4 1/2 years. Performance tests.

Performance tests of young children in the age range 18 months to 4 1/2 years have been studied in a sample of 425 children living in an inner city area and a rural market town. Our results show that there is a minimum number of cubes built into a tower related to age which may indicate developmental delay. There is a developmental sequence of pencil grasp, and useful development scales in copying cube models, drawing geometric shapes, and the draw-a-man test. Girls are significantly ahead of boys in drawing skills.

Child Development↗