Deficits in quantity and quality.
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Education, Nursing↗
Biomedical subjects
R Boyle
Publications and source records attributed to R Boyle.
Characteristics of smokeless tobacco users seeking treatment.
Previous studies have described smokeless tobacco (ST) treatment seekers with minimal detail. In the present study, ST users (N = 402), who enrolled in a ST cessation treatment study, were asked to complete an extensive questionnaire that inquired about their ST use patterns, use of other tobacco products, extent of dependence, previous attempts to quit, situations associated with use and support for quitting. The results showed that this population experiences a high level of nicotine exposure and physical dependence on ST. ST use frequently is associated with negative affect situations and times of hunger. A high frequency of users have smoked cigarettes as well as cigars. A supportive social environment for ST cessation exists for these individuals. These results have implications for ST treatment content.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Neutrophil storage pool depletion in septic, neutropenic neonates.
A prospective study was done to determine the incidence of neutrophil storage pool (NSP) depletion in clinically septic neonates with peripheral neutropenia (less than 1500/mm3). Infants with NSP depletion were then randomized in a controlled study of polymorphonuclear leukocyte transfusions. Bone marrow examinations were done in 13 patients, and NSP depletion was noted in 3 (23%) patients. All patients with no NSP depletion had peripheral neutrophil recovery and 8 of 10 survived. Complications of meningitis contributed to both deaths. Two of the three patients with NSP depletion died. Neither the initial severity of illness nor the degree of peripheral neutropenia were predictive either of NSP depletion or of mortality. Most neonates with severe peripheral neutropenia and clinical sepsis had peripheral neutrophil recovery and survived with conservative management. Those at high risk could be identified only by examination of the NSP. Only those patients with NSP depletion should be considered for controlled studies of polymorphonuclear leukocyte transfusions.
Agranulocytosis↗
Minors' access to snuff: purchase outcomes at corporate owned and independently owned convenience stores.
Results from many studies indicated that sales clerks sell cigarettes to minors. However, not many researchers have investigated how frequently merchants sell smokeless tobacco to minors. In the present study, sales of snuff to minors were assessed at corporate owned chains of convenience stores and at independently owned convenience stores. Two corporate owned chains with the largest number of convenience stores were selected (n = 45). A random sample of 45 independently owned convenience stores that held current tobacco licenses were also chosen. Two underage males attempted to purchase moist snuff at each of the 90 convenience stores included in the sample. Overall, underage buyers were sold snuff on one out of four purchase attempts. Sales occurred significantly more often in independently owned stores (35.6%) than in corporate owned stores (13.3%). An important variable that appeared to determine whether the sales clerk sold snuff was request for identification.
Adolescent↗
Adolescent knowledge of smokeless tobacco's health consequences.
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Adolescent↗
The vestibulocollic reflex.
Stabilization of the head is required not only for adequate motor performance, such as maintaining balance while standing or walking, but also for the adequate reception of sensory inputs such as visual and auditory information. The vestibular organs, which consist of three approximately orthogonal semicircular canals (anterior, horizontal, posterior) and two otolith organs (utriculus, sacculus), provide the most important input for the detection of head movement. Activation of afferents from these receptors evokes the vestibulocollic reflex (VCR), which stabilizes head position in space. In this review, which is the outgrowth of a session of the vestibular symposium held in Hawaii in April, 1994, we discuss the neural substrate of this reflex and some aspects of the central processing involved in its production. Some topics are not considered, in particular the important interaction between the VCR and the cervicocollic reflex evoked by activation of neck afferents (70,119), and attempts to model the reflex (69).
Afferent Pathways↗