[Violent death according to age, sex, and cause: a classification of the industrial countries, 1985-1989].
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Cause of Death↗
Biomedical subjects
R Bourbeau
Publications and source records attributed to R Bourbeau.
Mortality in Quebec during the nineteenth century: from the state to the cities.
The aim of this paper is to explore mortality in Quebec during the nineteenth century from a demographic perspective. During the nineteenth century, there was excess urban mortality in various countries; in order to identify such mortality differentials, we compared mortality indicators for the province of Quebec and then for the urban areas of Montreal and Quebec City. Using data from various studies, we produced life tables and compared life expectancies. We show that at different times during the nineteenth century, spatial variations in mortality levels across the province of Quebec and its urban areas were significant. According to the data we analyzed, mortality is undoubtedly higher in urban areas even though a convergence in trends took place towards the end of the century, resulting in an overall reduction in mortality. Also, exploring life expectancies within a cohort approach at times of fast-changing mortality patterns has proved to be instructive. Life expectancy estimates based on a cross-sectional approach were systematically lower than those resulting from a cohort-specific one. Trends diverged to a greater extent beginning with the 1870 cohort, reflecting the improvements made from that point on to World War II. Since current mortality levels are substantially determined by the cumulative effects of past behaviour specific to each generation, it is quite obvious that mortality analysis will reveal its true meaning only with the help of cohort life tables.
Canada↗
Neck injuries among belted and unbelted occupants of the front seat of cars.
This article, part of a recently completed research project on safety belts, presents results on neck injuries. A total of 3927 injured front-seat occupants (drivers and passengers) involved in two-car crashes were studied. Among them, 725 sustained neck sprains (ICD-9 code 847.0); some of them may have sustained other injuries as well. The more serious injuries to the cervical spine were more prevalent among the unbelted occupants. Neck sprains were relatively more numerous among belted occupants compared with unbelted ones, with a relative risk estimate of 1.68. Similar results hold also for subsets of the data on different types of collisions; the relative risks ranged from 1.39 to 2.42. A log linear model was constructed for the odds ratio (neck sprain vs. no neck sprain) taking into account the following factors: (1) seatbelt use, (2) direction of impact, (3) authorized speed limit, and (4) vehicle weight. The resulting relative risk estimate (belted vs. unbelted) became 1.58. The results raise questions about seatbelts and their protection against neck sprains.
Accidents, Traffic↗
[Comparative analysis of mortality due to violence in developed countries and in a few developing countries during the 1985-1989 period].
A comparative analysis of crude death rates and specifically of deaths from violence was conducted for a large number of developed and developing countries which provide data to the World Health Organization's data bank. For these countries, the analysis shows, first of all, that violent deaths rank third among the major causes of death, after diseases of the circulatory system and malignant tumours, in most developed countries and in some developing countries with reliable data. The comparative analysis also reveals substantial variations in the level and structure of death rates, both among the developed and the developing countries. Thus the crude death rate varies by a factor of 2 in both sexes, both in the developed and the developing countries. For violent deaths, the ranges are even wide: the highest death rate is 3 to 4 times greater than the lowest, except for women in developing countries where it is only twice as high. The method reveals in which countries the situation regarding violent deaths is relatively tolerable and in which countries the situation is decidedly bad. Although it is difficult to draw up a clear classification whereby countries can be grouped according to their profile of deaths by cause, it can be seen that a number of countries have a fairly characteristic profile of mortality by cause; these are mainly the developed countries (Western Europe and other regions) and some developing countries (Hong Kong and Israel) with low crude death rates. In these countries certain causes of violent death predominate as a result of the level of development achieved; motor vehicle accidents, falls and suicides. Moreover, in the other developed countries (in Eastern Europe) and in the developing countries (except Hong Kong and Israel) there is a more "traditional" profile of mortality by cause; this profile is characteristic of the less-developed countries where there are generally fewer deaths from suicide and from motor-vehicle accidents and where unintentional factors predominate over intentional factors. This analysis also brings out the very distinctive situation of the countries of Latin America with regard to violent deaths, particularly the large number of deaths from homicide in a number of countries. This is unquestionably a high-risk region for which further studies need to be undertaken, and where preventive measures need to be applied in order to curb the rising tide of violence and its harmful consequences for these societies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Accidents↗
The effects of age and experience on accidents with injuries: should the licensing age be raised?
In Canadian Provinces and in several states of the United States the minimal legal age to drive a motor vehicle is 16 years old and in some, it is 15. The excess mortality and morbidity registered by 15 to 24-year-old drivers is well known. Several studies have reported that accident rates decrease with experience, but the effect of the age of new drivers has not been well documented. The objective is to study injury accident rates in terms of the age and experience factors. The data sources are computer files of the Government Insurance Corporation (Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec), which covers all Quebec drivers. For each driver, the file contains birth date, sex, year and month of first license, involvement in accidents, and other parameters. The yearly rates (1970-1984) of new permits per age last birthday and sex show an increase over time, particularly for 16-year-old men. For the period 1979-1984, injury accident involvement rates were computed for all Quebec drivers by age, sex, and driving experience. An experienced driver has been defined as a person who has been licensed for at least one year. The results show, for experienced as well as inexperienced young men (16-18), a high injury accident rate that decreases with age. For women, the rates are much lower and decrease more gradually than for men. This study does not take into account the kilometers driven. Since young drivers (16-18) have the highest accident rates, the question of regulating access to first licensing for such drivers must be examined as a possible strategy for injury prevention.
Accident Prevention↗
[The future of linguistic groups in Quebec: balances and options].
"During the 1981-1986 period, the balance between demographic phenomena was such that the proportion of francophones in the population tended to increase in Quebec. In this article, we project the 1981-1986 situation and other scenarios to see the impact of increasing immigration on the proportion of francophones in Quebec. The results suggest that there is an antinomy between an increase of the total population and an increase of the proportion of francophones. Thus, the policy of the provincial government to accept 55,000 immigrants per year would probably lead to a decrease in the proportion of francophones in Quebec." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
Acculturation↗
Geographical variations of motor-vehicle injuries in Quebec, 1983-1988.
Data furnished by the Régie de l'Assurance Automobile du Québec (RAAQ) were used to describe the geography of motor vehicle accidents in the province of Quebec for the period 1983-1988. These were also used to evaluate the risk factors associated with zones of high risk with regards to accidents for the 97 Municipalités Régionales de Comté (MRC). The results demonstrate that non-severe accidents are more frequent in the urban context. On the other hand, severe accidents are more frequent in the rural context. The Standard Morbidity Ratio (SMR) highlights those MRC's with the risk of severe or non-severe accidents, where risks are twice that of Quebec as a whole. The demographic characteristics (age, sex) of the driver and passengers and the place of the accident (region, density) were used in the model LOGIT to evaluate risk factors associated with high risk zones. Results of the model for those severely injured are different from those for non-severely injured people. This holds true for the location of accidents as well as for demographic characteristics. In both models, women and people over 65 years of age are low-risk groups for accidents. The authors indicate certain action to be undertaken in Quebec by the Government to improve this situation.
Accidents, Traffic↗
[Mortality and fertility according to linguistic group in Quebec, 1976 and 1981].
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Americas↗
[Universal availability of driver education courses in secondary schools does not reduce morbidity and mortality of young Canadians].
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Accidents, Traffic↗
[Introduction of a process of deterioration in the study of adult mortality: application of a simulation model to Norwegian generations, 1866-1916].
Increases in adult mortality after age 45 are examined using a Monte Carlo-type simulation model based on data for Norwegian generations from 1866 to 1916. "In this model, the observed mortality of a generation depends upon two variables: 1) the risk of dying in the mortality strata for each individual at a certain time; 2) the level of deterioration of each person as given by the distribution of the individuals in the different mortality strata." Results suggest that the increase in the risk of dying after the age of 45 is due to two causes, namely, an increase in the percentage of weaker individuals (natural selection) and a change in life-style patterns, which include alcohol and tobacco consumption, nutrition, and physical exercise (cultural selection). (summary in ENG, ITA)
Adult↗