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Biomedical subjects

R B Sterzel

Publications and source records attributed to R B Sterzel.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Arginine vasopressin enhances pHi regulation in the presence of HCO3- by stimulating three acid-base transport systems.

Growth factors raise intracellular pH (pHi) by stimulating Na+/H+ exchange in the absence of HCO3-. In mutant cells that lack the Na+/H+ exchange activity, this alkalinization does not occur, and the cells do not proliferate without artificial elevation of pHi. It has therefore been widely suggested that an early pHi increase is a necessary signal for mitogenesis. In the presence of HCO3- however, growth factors fail to raise pHi in A431 cells, renal mesangial cells and 3T3 fibroblasts. In mesangial cells, arginine vasopressin (AVP) raises pHi in the absence of HCO3-, but lowers it when HCO3- is present; growth is stimulated under both conditions. We report here that, in the presence of HCO3-, AVP stimulates two potent HCO3- transporters, as well as the Na+/H+ exchanger. These are the Na+-dependent and Na+-independent Cl-/HCO3- exchangers. Our results indicate that AVP causes acidification in the presence of HCO3- because, at the resting pHi, it stimulates Na+-independent Cl-/HCO3- exchange (which lowers pHi) more than it stimulates the sum of Na+/H+ exchange and Na+-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchange (both of which raise pHi). The stimulation of three acid-base transporters by the growth factor AVP greatly enhances the ability of the cell to regulate pHi.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗
PubMed1989

Portal hypertension ameliorates arterial hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Systemic hemodynamic effects of portal hypertension in arterial hypertension and their relationship to serum bile acid levels were investigated using spontaneously hypertensive rats 2 and 15 weeks after partial portal vein ligation (SHR-PVL) or sham operation (SHR-SH) and normotensive controls. Mean arterial pressure in SHR-PVL at 2 weeks was decreased to normal due to a decrease in peripheral resistance. Mean arterial pressure and peripheral resistance in SHR-PVL at 15 weeks did not differ from SHR-SH. Resolution of this arterial hypotensive effect and systemic hyperdynamic circulation was associated with decreased portal-systemic shunting. Bile acid levels were increased in both SHR-PVL groups. These results suggest that an endogenous circulating vasodilator(s) associated with portal hypertension ameliorates the systemic vasoconstriction in SHR. Bile acids, while not direct mediators of these hemodynamic events, may be prototypic of this vasodilator. This arterial hypertensive model may aid further investigation of the mechanisms contributing to the hyperdynamic state in portal hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Studies of the mitogenic effect of serotonin in rat renal mesangial cells.

A vasoactive inflammatory amine, serotonin, stimulates DNA synthesis in rat glomerular mesangial cells in a dose-dependent manner and acts synergistically with either insulin or epidermal growth factor (EGF). The combined effects of 10(-6) M serotonin and these peptide hormones are nearly equal to those induced by 10% fetal bovine serum. Serotonin stimulates the turnover of polyphosphoinositols resulting in a transient rise in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration, as measured either with the photoprotein aequorin, or with fura-2. This is accompanied by a transient increase in 45Ca2+ efflux from prelabeled cells. Serotonin also induces a prompt and sustained threefold increase in Ca2+ influx rate across the plasma membrane and a rapid and sustained twofold increase in cellular 1,2-diacylglycerol content. In addition, there is an increase in the extent of phosphorylation of an acidic 80-kDa protein, a putative substrate for protein kinase C. Activators of protein kinase C (including phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol) mimic the mitogenic effect of serotonin. The effect of serotonin on cell proliferation is partially inhibited in a reversible manner by LiCl. Treatment of mesangial cells with insulin plus EGF for 60 min leads to a small but consistent increase in the content of inositol phosphates and 1,2-diacylglycerol. Their effects are additive to those of serotonin. Moreover, insulin and EGF significantly stimulate the phosphorylation of the 80-kDa protein, and potentiate the serotonin-induced phosphorylation of this protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Rat mesangial cells produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Because inflammatory processes in renal glomeruli may involve monocyte-macrophages (MPs) and T-lymphocytes, we have investigated whether products of glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) can stimulate the proliferative activity of these effector cells. We found that cultured rat MCs (subcultures 2-15), maintained under serum-free conditions, secrete a soluble factor into the supernate [MC-conditioned medium (CM)], which supports growth of the T-helper cell-derived line HT-2. Moreover, MC-CM increased [3H]thymidine incorporation by thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal MPs but did not induce growth of the interleukin 2 (IL-2)- or interleukin 4 (IL-4)-dependent cell line CTLL-2. Further functional, serological, and biochemical analysis of MC-CM revealed that rat MCs secrete a cytokine that, by all of the techniques used, is indistinguishable from granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Both northern blot and in situ hybridization with a specific cDNA probe for murine GM-CSF showed that MCs express GM-CSF mRNA transcripts. The present findings indicate that cultured rat MCs produce GM-CSF. Release of GM-CSF by MCs in vivo may play a role in the interaction of MCs with MPs, T-cells, and neutrophils in glomerular disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Angiotensin-induced hypertension in the rat. Sympathetic nerve activity and prostaglandins.

To elucidate mechanisms of angiotensin II (Ang II)-related hypertension, we infused angiotensin (76 ng/min s.c.) into rats with minipumps for 10-14 days. Control rats received sham pumps. We measured blood pressure by tail-cuff, and the excretion of aldosterone and prostaglandins (PG) (PGE2, prostacyclin derivative 6kPGF1 alpha, and thromboxane [Tx] derivative TxB2). Angiotensin II increased blood pressure by 20 mm Hg by day 2 and by 90 mm Hg by day 10. Aldosterone excretion increased from 10 to 70 ng/day in Ang II rats by day 7. Urine PGE2 did not increase in angiotensin rats; however, both 6kPGF1 alpha and TxB2 excretion increased with angiotensin. Control rats had no changes in any of these parameters. A sympathetic component was tested in a separate group of angiotensin rats that received phenoxybenzamine (300 micrograms/kg/day) during angiotensin infusion; their increase in blood pressure of 40 mm Hg at 10 days was less than in those rats with angiotensin alone but more than in control rats. Phenoxybenzamine did not influence the angiotensin-induced increases in excretion of 6kPGF1 alpha or TxB2. Additional groups of conscious angiotensin and control rats were equipped with splanchnic nerve electrodes on day 14 for recording of sympathetic nerve activity. Angiotensin rats had greater basal sympathetic nerve activity than the control rats. Incremental methoxamine injections demonstrated altered baroreceptor reflex function in rats receiving angiotensin. We conclude that increased blood pressure with chronic angiotensin infusion is accompanied by increased production of aldosterone and increased sympathetic tone. The latter may be modulated by PG.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1989

[Interaction of mesangial cells and the extracellular matrix in the glomerulus].

Different lesions of the renal glomerulus can cause very different responses of glomerular cells and alterations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Whatever the initial glomerular abnormality, increases of the ECM are invariably found in chronic glomerular disease. Widening of the ECM is most prominent in the glomerular mesangium and this frequently precedes chronic sklerotic changes of the glomerular capillary tuft. Immunochemical examination of renal tissue sections have shown that scarred glomeruli contain not only basement membrane collagens (type IV and V) but also express and produce the interstitial collagens, type I and III. Mesangial cells in culture produce these 4 collagen types and also show expression of their gene transcripts. Further studies have shown that the production of ECM in culture is affected by cell density, proliferative activity and by the composition of the underlying ECM, such as presence of laminin or type IV collagen. The available results have led the conclusion that the solid-phase ECM might well affect mesangial cells in culture with regard to their growth behaviour and to their activity to secrete ECM. It is, thus, conceivable that the ECM components might have an autocrine effect on mesangial cell behaviour, not only in cell culture but, possibly, also in situ. It remains to be seen whether the presence of abnormal types and amounts of ECM components in diseased glomeruli max contribute to increased cell proliferation as well as ECM production.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Formation of extracellular matrix by cultured rat mesangial cells.

Formation of extracellular matrix (ECM) by mesangial cells (MCs) contributes to progressive glomerulosclerosis. The authors investigated the production and distribution of ECM constituents by cultured rat MCs, using immunocytochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. Staining for all ECM constituents increased after serum feeding. Localization was strictly intracellular until confluency, when extracellular deposition of collagen IV and laminin appeared, followed by fibronectin and collagen III. In parallel, the intracellular staining for these proteins diminished markedly. Neither extracellular deposition nor intracellular loss was observed for collagen I and thrombospondin. On surfaces coated with collagen IV or laminin, extracellular deposition of ECM constituents clearly preceded confluency. These results indicate that synthesis of ECM constituents parallels MC growth, and that extracellular deposition of ECM occurs at cell-cell contact. Collagen IV or laminin secreted by MCs in the substratum accelerates production and facilitates secretion of other ECM constituents in an autocrine fashion.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Renal disease and the development of hypertension in salt-sensitive Dahl rats.

To elucidate the role of the kidneys in the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (S), as compared to resistant (R) rats of the JR strain, we analyzed functional and morphological changes before and after the administration of an 8% NaCl diet and the onset of hypertension. The diet was begun at six weeks of age and was continued until 12 weeks of age. At six weeks, blood pressure was not different between S and R rats. Hypertension occurred in S rats receiving the 8% NaCl diet at week 8, and in S rats receiving 0.9% NaCl at week 10. Albuminuria and proteinuria were found in S rats prior to the 8% NaCl diet and progressed regardless of diet. Electron microscopy of glomeruli revealed segmental loss of epithelial foot processes in S rats at six weeks prior to the 8% NaCl diet. Mesangial widening, arteriolar myo-intimal cell hyperplasia and interstitial fibrosis occurred in all S rats. Inulin and PAH clearances in S rats decreased with time, the changes being accelerated by the 8% NaCl diet. Micropuncture of S and R rats prior to the 8% NaCl diet revealed no glomerular hypertension in S rats. The number of glomeruli in S and R rats were not different. We conclude that prehypertensive S rats of the JR strain already have albuminuric glomerular disease not associated with reduced number of glomeruli or glomerular hypertension. The renal pathology is accelerated once hypertension develops. A lower NaCl intake delays, but does not prevent renal disease in S rats.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1988

pH regulation in single glomerular mesangial cells. I. Acid extrusion in absence and presence of HCO3-.

We have developed a technique to measure the fluorescence of a pH-sensitive dye (2,7-biscarboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein) in single glomerular mesangial cells in culture. The intracellular fluorescence excitation ratio of the dye was calibrated using the nigericin-high-K+ approach. In the absence of CO2-HCO3-, mesangial cells that are acid loaded by an NH+4 prepulse exhibit a spontaneous intracellular pH (pHi) recovery that is blocked either by ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) or removal of external Na+. This pHi recovery most probably reflects the activity of a Na+-H+ exchanger. When the cells are switched from a N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-buffered solution to one containing CO2-HCO3-, there is an abrupt acidification due to CO2 entry, which is followed by a spontaneous recovery of pHi to a steady-state value higher than that prevailing in HEPES. Both the rate of recovery and the higher steady-state pHi imply that the application of CO2-HCO3- introduces an increase in net acid extrusion from the cell. One third of total net acid extrusion in CO2-HCO3- is EIPA sensitive and most likely is mediated by the Na+-H+ exchanger. The remaining two thirds of acid extrusion could be caused by a decrease in the background acid-loading rate and/or the introduction of a new, HCO3- -dependent acid-extrusion mechanism. The HCO3- -induced alkalinization cannot be accounted for by a HCO3- -induced reduction in the acid-loading rate. The latter can be estimated by applying EIPA in the absence of HCO3- and observing the rate of pHi decline. We found that this acid-loading rate is only about one fifth as great as the total net acid extrusion rate in the presence of HCO3-. Indeed, two thirds of net acid extrusion in HCO3- is blocked by 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), an inhibitor of HCO3- -dependent transport. Furthermore, the effects of EIPA and SITS were additive. Thus, in the presence of CO2-HCO3-, a SITS-sensitive-HCO3- -dependent transporter is the dominant mechanism of acid extrusion. This mechanism also accounts for the increase in steady-state pHi on addition of CO2-HCO3-.

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfo↗
PubMed1988

pH regulation in single glomerular mesangial cells. II. Na+-dependent and -independent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchangers.

We used the pH-sensitive dye 2,7-biscarboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) to further characterize the mechanisms of intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in renal mesangial cells. In the accompanying paper [Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Cell Physiol. 24): C844-C856, 1988], we showed that acid extrusion from mesangial cells is mediated by both an ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA)-sensitive Na+-H+ exchanger and a 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS)-sensitive-HCO3(-)-dependent mechanism. In this study, we examined the ionic dependencies of pHi-regulatory mechanisms in the presence of CO2-HCO3-. We found that in CO2-HCO3-, approximately 90% of the net acid extrusion occurring during recovery from an acid load is blocked by removing external Na+. Short-term (less than 15 min) removal of external Cl- has little effect on the rate of recovery in CO2-HCO3-. In contrast longer periods of external Cl- removal (1-2 h) blocks 40-60% of the rate of recovery, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a large fraction of the SITS-sensitive-HCO3(-)-dependent recovery mechanism described in the preceding paper is also Na+- and Cl(-)-dependent. Therefore, this Cl(-)-dependent component is probably mediated by a Na+-dependent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger. As much as 16% of total acid extrusion is insensitive to EIPA and long-term Cl- removal but is blocked by SITS. Thus either 1-2 h of Cl- removal is insufficient to wash out all internal Cl-, or a small component of acid extrusion is mediated by a Cl(-)-independent mechanism, such as the electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransporter. We also studied the effect on pHi of the removal and readdition of external Cl-, observing pHi changes consistent with the existence of a Na+-independent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger, which would presumably function as an acid loader. In contrast to the Na+-H+ exchanger and Na+-dependent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger, which are stimulated at low pHi, the Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger is stimulated at high pHi. Thus the acid-extruding and acid-loading mechanisms have opposite pHi dependencies.

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfo↗
PubMed1988

Effects of angiotensin II and vasopressin on intracellular pH of glomerular mesangial cells.

We investigated changes in intracellular pH (pHi) of cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) exposed to angiotensin II (ANG II) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). pHi of quiescent MCs, passage 2-5, and grown on glass cover slips, was assessed by spectrofluorometry using the pH-sensitive dye, 2,7-biscarboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). The steady-state pHi of MCs in a pH 7.4, HCO3-free N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-buffered solution was 7.10 +/- 0.02 (n = 68) and in a pH 7.4, HCO3-containing solution, was 7.23 +/- 0.03 (n = 47) (P less than 0.01). The pHi recovery following an NH+4-induced acid load was inhibited by removal of Na+ from the bath or by addition of the amiloride analogue, ethyl isopropyl amiloride (EIPA). These effects were observed in MCs bathed in HEPES- or in HCO3-buffered solutions, consistent with the action of a Na+-H+ exchanger. When cells were bathed in HEPES, a 10-min exposure to ANG II or AVP (10(-10) to 10(-6) M) caused early and transient acidification of MCs (maximal pH change was -0.10), followed by gradual alkalinization (maximal pHi change +0.15 above the initial value). The increase of pHi was dependent on the presence of Na+ in the bath and was inhibited by EIPA. In the presence of HCO3, ANG II or AVP induced merely a small gradual acidification of MCs (pHi change -0.05). These findings demonstrate that MCs utilize a Na+-H+ exchanger for acid extrusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1988

Arginine vasopressin promotes growth of rat glomerular mesangial cells in culture.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) binds specifically to vascular smooth muscle-like mesangial cells (MCs) and affects contraction. We tested whether this peptide also modulates growth behavior of rat MCs in early subculture (passage 2-5). Subconfluent, serum-starved MCs were exposed to AVP (10(-10)-10(-6) M) in the presence or absence of insulin (5 micrograms/ml). To assess DNA replication, MC uptake of [3H]thymidine (24-h pulse) was determined on days 1, 2, and 3. AVP alone averaged a 1.97-fold increase in DNA synthesis at 24 h, whereas the mean stimulatory effects of AVP at 48 and 72 h were 7.21- and 5.42-fold, respectively. MCs exposed simultaneously to AVP and insulin showed potentiation of the mitogenic response to AVP alone. The V1-receptor antagonist [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylene proprionic acid), 2-(O-methyl-Tyr)-Arg]vasopressin (PMP) inhibited only AVP-induced promotion of MC growth (maximal inhibition of -78.3%). The phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) acutely stimulated MC proliferation but did not add to the AVP effect. Preincubation of MCs with 600 nM of TPA for 48 h significantly inhibited AVP-induced mitogenesis (-87.2%). By use of fura-2, intracellular calcium (Cai) was assessed by spectrofluorometry. The addition of AVP (10(-12)-10(-6) M) led to a rapid, transient, dose-dependent increase in Cai of 154-383%, respectively. The AVP-induced increase in Cai was greatly inhibited by 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester hydrochloride (TMB-8) (10(-8)-10(-6) M), an inhibitor of Cai release (-23.9 to -72.1%), and it was blunted by the atrial natriuretic peptide AP-28 (-38.3%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Atrial natriuretic factor in sodium-sensitive and sodium-resistant Dahl rats.

We tested the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) may play a role in the development of hypertension in salt-sensitive Dahl (S) rats as compared to normotensive salt-resistant Dahl (R) rats. We measured immunoreactive ANF in plasma and atria of the inbred (JR) strain of Dahl S and R rats receiving 0.9 or 8% NaCl diets for up to 8 weeks. We also tested the effect of acute volume expansion on plasma and atrial ANF values in rats receiving the 0.9% salt diet. In addition, we examined the effects of exogenous ANF in the form of atriopeptin III given as intravenous bolus infusion at both levels of salt intake. We found no difference in plasma and atrial values between S and R rats irrespective of salt intake. The S and R rats showed a similar, five- to sevenfold increase of plasma ANF in response to acute saline expansion. Finally, we were unable to demonstrate differences between S and R rats in response to atriopeptin III with respect to transient decreases in blood pressure, and pronounced increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow or natriuresis. These results do not reveal appreciable changes in the ANF system of Dahl S rats either before or after onset of hypertension when compared to normotensive R rats. Therefore, our findings do not support the notion that ANF is important in the development or maintenance of chronic salt-induced hypertension in S rats.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1987

Effects of nitrendipine on the course of experimental immunologic glomerulonephritis.

To test whether calcium entry blockers (CEB) affect the course of progressive renal disease, we examined a standardized model of antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (GN) in rats with and without oral administration of the CEB, nitrendipine (Nit). Nit was given in chow pellets at a daily dose of approximately 20 mg. Nephritic control rats received standard chow (Co). A time-course study over 4 weeks revealed the following; mean systolic blood pressure in GN/Nit rats remained below 115 mm Hg throughout, while GN/Co rats developed mild hypertension with peak values of 135 +/- 8 at 4 weeks (p less than 0.05). Urinary albumin excretion before induction of GN was 1.2 +/- 0.4 mg/24 h; at weeks 1 and 4, GN/Co had 249 +/- 34 and 306 +/- 50 mg/24 h, respectively. GN/Nit had less albuminuria, with 107 +/- 25 and 172 +/- 21 mg/24 h, respectively (p less than 0.05). Clearance experiments in anesthetized rats at 4 weeks revealed significantly better preservation of renal function in GN/Nit vs. GN/Co rats: (renal vascular resistance: 90.2 +/- 24 vs. 402.2 +/- 160 mm Hg/ml/min; clearance of para-aminohippurate: 1.388 +/- 0.151 vs. 0.598 +/- 0.368 ml/min/100 g; clearance of inulin: 0.570 +/- 0.123 vs. 0.141 +/- 0.077 ml/min/100 g; urinary sodium excretion: 1.417 +/- 0.554 vs. 0.188 +/- 0.081 mumol/min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Renal actions of calcium antagonists.

Calcium antagonists (CAs) interfere with the calcium entry of many cells and therefore affect various cells and properties of the kidney. At present, most information on the renal actions of CAs concerns their relaxing effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. Renal vasodilation and decreased renal vascular resistance are most prominent when CAs are used in hypertensive laboratory animals or patients. This results in an increase of renal blood flow and, at times, in an even greater rise of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The augmenting effect on GFR is at present incompletely understood. It has been considered that it is due to the rise of the glomerular capillary pressure and/or due to increase of the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient. Unlike other vasodilators, CAs do not cause fluid retention, but rather induce diuresis and natriuresis. Initial studies on the renal effects of CAs in states of hypertension and/or impaired kidney function have demonstrated that CAs may play a role in maintaining GFR in otherwise progressive kidney disease. It remains to be seen whether these effects are related not only to the improvement of renal hemodynamics but also to protection against the action of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and platelets. While CAs have gained an established role in the treatment of hypertension showing beneficial short-term action on the kidneys, their long-term effects on renal structures and function require further elucidation.

Calcium Channel Blockers↗
PubMed1987

Effects of atrial natriuretic factor in rats with renal insufficiency.

To test the effect of exogenous atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on the kidney function of rats with chronic renal insufficiency, we examined the responses to bolus infusions of atriopeptin III in two models of renal insufficiency, namely, nephrosclerosis and glomerulonephritis. Hypertensive Dahl S rats receiving a high (8%) NaCl diet for 12 weeks, and rats with anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis, both of which had glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) less than half those of respective control rats, exhibited similar relative increases In GFR and ERPF in response to atriopeptin III as did controls. Natriuresis, diuresis, and decreased blood pressure were as prominent in rats with either form of renal disease as in control rats. Rats receiving high NaCl intake, irrespective of renal function, had relatively exaggerated responses compared with rats receiving a normal NaCl diet. We conclude that rats with chronic renal insufficiency of diverse causes respond briskly to ANF despite presumed hyperperfused and hyperfiltering nephrons. Thus, diseased kidneys exhibit substantial renal functional "reserve." The renal response to ANF appears to be influenced by NaCl intake in both normal animals and those with renal insufficiency.

Animals↗