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Biomedical subjects

R Anttila

Publications and source records attributed to R Anttila.

34 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Sulfadiazine versus sulfafurazole excretion in urine and risk of crystallization in children with conventional dosage regimen.

The excretion of sulfadiazine (Adiazin) (n = 8) and sulfafurazole (n = 8) in urine and the risk of crystallization were compared in children, 3-14 years of age. They suffered from acute urinary tract infection and were treated with conventional dosage regimen of either of the sulfonamides. Sulfadiazine (4 mg/kg twice daily, the initial dose 8 mg/kg) produced active serum drug levels which in relation to antimicrobial activity of sulphonamides corresponded to 25-30% of those obtained with sulfafurazole (50 mg/kg four times a day). In urine the corresponding sulfadiazine levels were 21-61% of those of sulfafurazole. In none of the urine fractions sulfadiazine concentrations exceeded the theoretical drug solubility but sulfafurazole exceeded this risk limit altogether in 4 urine fractions (2 patients). Urine sediment showed, however, sulfonamide crystals in only one urine fraction of the sulfafurazole group. The results suggest that with conventional dosage regimen sulfafurazole produces higher effective serum and urine drug concentrations in children than sulfadiazine but shows a higher risk to crystallize in urine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Reduced sulfadiazine dose in the treatment of acute urinary tract infection in children.

The pharmacokinetics of a low dose of sulfadiazine (SD 4 mg/kg twice a day, loading dose 8 mg/kg) were studied and acute urinary tract infection in children treated with this reduced dose. The concentrations of active SD in serum and urine were found to exceed those assumed to be sufficient for the treatment of acute urinary tract infections (10 x MIC and 100 x MIC against E. coli, respectively; MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration). The urinary concentrations of both acetylated and non-acetylated SD remained lower than those considered to crystallize in the urinary tract. This suggests that renal damage earlier due to SD overdosage can be avoided by using the present administration. No difference was found in treatment results of acute urinary tract infections in children between SD (4 mg/kg twice a day) and fulfafurazole (SF; 50 mg/kg four times a day). Only infections caused by sulfonamide-sensitive micro-organisms were treated and all cases were cured. No side-effects could be recorded. SD in lower than the usual dosage would appear to be a practical alternative in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections caused by sulfonamide-sensitive micro-organisms in children.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1979

Suppressed lymphocyte mitogen-responsiveness in urinary tract infections of children and its correlation to pyelonephritis.

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was studied in a group of 48 children with urinary tract infections (UTI) using a whole blood micromethod for lymphocyte stimulation in vitro. The patients were subdivided into pyelonephritis group (27 cases) and lower urinary tract infection (LUTI) group (21 cases) on the basis of fever, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reative protein and renal concentration capacity. At the acute stage of infection the lymphocyte responsiveness to leucoagglutinin (LA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was suppressed in both groups, but the suppression was much greater in those with pyelonephritis. By 6 weeks after infection the lymphocyte responses were normal in most but not all cases. We conclude that an acute pyelonephritis is associated with marked suppression of CMI and that the latter can be used as an additional criterion for establishing the level of infection. Patients with UTI did not generally appear to have any primary defect of CMI but when suppression of CMI was present, it seemed secondary to an ongoing infection.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1977

Transfer factor and cellular immune response in urinary tract infections in children.

Cellular immune responses in vivo and in vitro were studied in 20 children with chronic or relapsing urinary tract infections. Skin tests revealed decreased immune responses to PPD in cases with chronic or recurrent pyelonephritis and to OM, in these cases and in cases of lower urinary tract infections. Blast transformation responses to PPD, OM and PHA were at least as high as in controls. Administration of chromatographically purified fraction from human leucocyte transfer factor resulted in a positive skin reaction with antigen concentration, which before TF administration had caused a negative reaction. The results suggest that the action of the transfer factor component used in this study is based on an immunologically nonspecific stimulation of the cellular immune response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The effect of non-specifically acting transfer factor component on cellular immunity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

A chromatographically purified component of human dialysable transfer factor with a non-specific stimulatory effect on the expression of immune response was used in a therapeutic trial in 8 cases of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Enhancement of the delayed type of immune response, measured by skin testing, was seen in all cases, but in vitro reactions to test antigens were unaltered. Clinical improvement was seen in all patients with acute history and in 2 of the 5 chronic cases, but it is not certain whether this was caused by the improved immune reactivity, or whether this reflected the known variable natural history of the disease.

Acute Disease↗