[Amanita fungal poisoning: yes or no?].
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Amanita↗
Biomedical subjects
R Andres
Publications and source records attributed to R Andres.
[A new method for the determination of Amanita toxin in urine and blood].
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Agaricales↗
Absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte count and subsequent mortality of elderly men. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
In this 16-year longitudinal study of 105 healthy elderly men, we analyzed one aspect of immunosenescence--a decline in the absolute number of peripheral blood lymphocytes--with particular reference to its relationship with subsequent mortality. It was found that there was a significantly (P less than .01) lower absolute lymphocyte count (1432 +/- 55/mm3; mean +/- SEM) within three years of death when compared with five years (1719 +/- 89/mm3) or 10 years (1715 +/- 98/mm3) before death. There was no relationship between this decrease in lymphocytes and age at death, smoking status, or prior cardiac illness. Previous cross-sectional studies have yielded conflicting data on age-related decreases in lymphocytes which may have been the result of an unrecognized selection process that either eliminated or included subjects who were close to death.
Aged↗
[Quality of life of cancer patients under chemo- and radiotherapy. Prospective study of patients with gastrointestinal and bronchial cancers].
In a prospective study, 156 patients with advanced lung and gastrointestinal carcinomas, receiving palliative chemotherapy or radiotherapy, were examined for changes in their quality of life during therapy. A questionnaire (68 questions), a linear analogue scale, and the Karnofsky performance scale were used three times in the course of therapy. The most important result seen during the evaluation of the questionnaire was the improvement in the psychical state in patients with tumor remission, even with increasing side-effects. In patients with progressive disease, a deteriorated psychosocial state and an increased burden due to the toxic side effects were observed. These results were also confirmed in progressive patients by the linear analogue scale. The Karnofsky performance scale showed a high correlation for the judgement of disease-related contents and the activity of the patient. In this study the relationship of treatment results and well-being is shown. It would seem important to include methods for the measurement of quality of life for the evaluation of oncological therapies.
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic↗
[Incidence, kind and intensity of stomatologic diseases throughout life].
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Adolescent↗
First experiments on radioimmunodetection with b-12-monoclonal antibody fragments against breast cancer antigen.
In 14 patients with breast cancer the results of radioimmunoscintigraphy with 123I-labeled b-12 monoclonal antibody fragments were correct in more than two thirds of the patients.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Glucose metabolism in glucose-intolerant older people during chromium supplementation.
The effects of chromic chloride (CrCl3) administered orally for 12 weeks to five elderly subjects with glucose intolerance were assessed. Pretreatment and posttreatment, the hyperglycemic clamp technique was employed to determine glucose utilization, beta-cell sensitivity to glucose, and tissue sensitivity to insulin. In addition, erythrocyte insulin binding was studied. Urinary chromium excretion increased approximately 5 fold indicating good compliance with supplementation. The oral glucose tolerance curves following supplementation were lowered from 60 to 120 minutes but only the 60-minute values were significantly lowered. In agreement with this was significantly increased glucose utilization during the hyperglycemic clamp studies. Tissue sensitivity to insulin, receptor affinity, and total insulin binding were unchanged by supplementation while beta-cell sensitivity to glucose increased following supplementation (P less than 0.04), and explained the increased glucose utilization. HDL and LDL and total cholesterol levels were slightly lower after chromium supplementation, but no change reached statistical significance. The LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio was unchanged. This study shows small but statistically significant effects of CrCl3 on carbohydrate metabolism. The clinical relevance of these effects, that is, their prophylactic or therapeutic significance, remains to be determined.
Aged↗
The effect of age and glucose concentration on insulin secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas.
Age changes in the beta-cell's sensitivity to glucose as well as in its overall capacity to secrete insulin may play a part in the glucose intolerance of aging. The isolated perfused rat pancreas preparation was used to study the effect of age and glucose level on insulin secretion. Overnight-fasted male Wistar 12- and 23-month-old rats had basal plasma glucose levels of 106 +/- 4 (SE) and 100 +/- 4 mg/dl. Perfusate glucose levels were raised from 80 mg/dl to either 150, 220, or 360 mg/dl for 50 min (n = 6 to 8 in each group). Insulin secretion followed the typical biphasic pattern of an early spike and fall, followed by a sustained gradual increase at both ages. First-phase (0-10 min) insulin secretion in the old rats was significantly lower at 150 (184 vs. 524 microU/min, P less than 0.05) and 220 mg/dl (327 vs. 644 microU/min, P less than 0.05), while it was nearly identical at 360 mg/dl. Although lower in the old rats, second-phase (11-50 min) insulin secretion was not statistically significantly different for each glucose level. When first- and second-phase insulin secretion rates were combined, the old rats' insulin secretion was only lower at the 150 mg/dl level (248 vs. 426 microU/min, P less than 0.05). Thus, at the more physiological glucose level, old rats showed a significantly lower response, while at the higher levels insulin secretion was similar. This diminishing age effect with increasing glucose dose suggests a defect in islet sensitivity to glucose rather than a diminished capacity to secrete insulin.
Aging↗
Impact of age on weight goals.
Although the health hazards due to excessive obesity and excessive leanness are multiple and diverse, weight recommendations for over 40 years have been based solely on the risk of dying. The weight recommendation tables in nearly universal usage have been derived from the experience of the life insurance industry. Those tables have not recommended any weight adjustments for age. An analysis of the actuarial data on which the most recent tables are based shows that minimal mortality occurs at progressively increasing body weight as age advances (20 to 29, through 60 to 69 years). There is, furthermore, no systematic sex difference in those weights. We have prepared height-weight tables that are age-specific and delete sex and body frame type as variables. These weight standards are lower for young adults and higher for older adults than those previously recommended. A review of 23 other reported populations confirms the need to adjust weight standards for age.
Actuarial Analysis↗
The enteric enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin release. The role of GIP in aging, obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
The effect of aging, obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on glucose-stimulated gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) levels was studied in 55 male subjects, ranging in age from 19 to 84 yr, and in obesity, expressed as body mass index, from 21 to 34. Studies were performed using the hyperglycemic glucose clamp technique, in which the blood glucose was maintained at 125 mg/dl above basal for 2 h. Glucose (40 g/m2 body surface) was ingested at 60 min. Plasma immunoreactive GIP (IR-GIP) did not change during intravenous (i.v.) glucose alone, but began to rise within 10 min after glucose ingestion and reached a peak at 30-40 min. Basal and stimulated IR-GIP levels were markedly elevated in diabetic subjects and modestly elevated in obese subjects, compared with appropriately matched controls. In contrast, age had little effect on plasma IR-GIP levels either in the basal state or after glucose ingestion. When IR-GIP responses to oral glucose were expressed as a relative change from basal levels, IR-GIP rose 86% in diabetic subjects and 243% in obese subjects, compared with 185% and 165% in their respective controls. IR-GIP rose 179% in young subjects and 144% in middle-aged subjects, while, in old subjects, the increase was 265%. Plasma IRI levels were reduced in the diabetic subjects, slightly elevated in obese subjects, and were similar in older and younger subjects. Beta cell sensitivity to endogenous GIP decreases with age, and is unchanged in both obesity and nonmedicated diabetes.
Adult↗
A longitudinal study of nutritional intake in men.
Seven-day dietary diaries were provided by 180 male participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging during each of three time periods (1961 to 1965, 1966 to 1970, and 1971 to 1975). These men are a highly educated, upper-middle class group. At the time of their first diary, they were aged 35 to 74 years. The data were analyzed for aging, cohort, and time effects on diet by utilizing three types of research designs concurrently: cross-sectional, longitudinal, and time series. The nutrients considered were calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. Aging had a negative effect on intake of calories, fat, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. Cohort effects were not observed for any of these nutrients. Over time, intake of carbohydrates and cholesterol declined, while intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids rose.
Adult↗
Prevention of the glucose intolerance of thiazide diuretics by maintenance of body potassium.
The effect of thiazide diuretics on the glucose tolerance of seven normal men in whom potassium loss was prevented with supplementation was studied using the glucose clamp technique. An initial control 2-h hyperglycemic clamp was performed to create a square wave of hyperglycemia 125 mg/dl above basal. At 1 h, 40 g glucose/m2 body surface area was ingested. Serial insulin (IRI) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) levels were measured as well as the level of glucose infusion necessary to maintain the stable hyperglycemic level. After the initial study, subjects were placed on a 10-day course of 100 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 80 meq potassium per day. Subjects were monitored for dietary potassium intake, urinary potassium, and sodium losses, and the replacement of potassium adjusted accordingly. A repeat glucose clamp was done on day 10. When potassium losses were prevented, thiazides induced no alterations in glucose tolerance, beta-cell sensitivity to glucose, GIP-cell sensitivity to glucose, beta-cell sensitivity to GIP, or tissue sensitivity to insulin. Two control studies in which hypokalemia was allowed to ensue after hydrochlorothiazide ingestion revealed a diminution in glucose tolerance, a consequence of diminished pancreatic beta-cell response to glucose. We conclude that the thiazide effect on glucose tolerance is a consequence of the resultant hypokalemia that the diuretic may create.
Adolescent↗
Feedback inhibition of insulin secretion by insulin: relation to the hyperinsulinemia of obesity.
We investigated the possible existence of a negative short-loop feedback of circulating insulin on the parent beta cell in 10 lean Caucasians, 10 obese Caucasians, and 10 obese Pima Indians. Plasma insulin levels were raised acutely by 100 microunits per milliliter for 90 minutes, and plasma glucose was maintained by the "clamp" technique. C-peptide levels were suppressed in all groups to approximately 50 per cent of basal values. However, the obese groups had absolute C-peptide levels much higher than those of the lean group. During the hour after infusion, the rate and magnitude of C-peptide recovery in the obese groups were higher than in the lean group. Thus, negative short-loop insulin-beta-cell feedback was operative in both the lean and obese states. Despite this suppression, the insulin-secretion rate in obese subjects was still greater than that in non-obese subjects. Inadequate feedback suppression may account in part for the prevailing hyperinsulinemia of the obese.
Adult↗
Longitudinal changes in serum cholesterol in man: an epidemiologic search for an etiology.
Serum cholesterol levels were determined in 1011 male participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. This study presents the longitudinal changes in serum cholesterol from 1 July 1963 to 30 June 1977. Serum cholesterol values dropped 6% between 1970 and 1972. The span of this study was divided into two eras, one preceding and one following the drop. The effects of obesity, selected dietary constituents and physical activity were examined in an attempt to explain the secular change in serum cholesterol. Serum cholesterol levels were not significantly correlated to levels of weight or body mass index. Changes in weight were significantly positively correlated with changes in serum cholesterol. Overall, however, the study population did not experience a significant drop in weight and therefore, this relationship could not explain the observed drop in serum cholesterol. There were virtually no significant correlations between the absolute value of any of the dietary variables examined and the absolute level of serum cholesterol. There were significant but small changes in most dietary constituents; however, only changes in caloric intake were significantly positively correlated with changes in serum cholesterol. Because the overall change in caloric intake was small, it could explain less than 1 mg/dl of the 11 mg/dl drop. There was no overall change in physical activity. No significant correlations were found between either the level or change in physical activity and the level or change in serum cholesterol. It is concluded that neither weight nor physical activity could account for the observed changes in serum cholesterol. Changes in dietary constituents were significant and in a direction which would predict a lower serum cholesterol. However, for the group, dietary changes could not fully explain the drop in serum cholesterol. For individuals, the changes in diet poorly predicted changes in serum cholesterol. It is suggested that the observed secular drop in serum cholesterol may be due to factor(s) other than those studied.
Adolescent↗
Effect of age and obesity on fasting levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone in man.
The influence of age and obesity on glucose homeostasis may be mediated via changes in basal levels of the main glucoregulatory hormones, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone. Fasting plasma levels of these hormones and of glucose were measured in 186 normal male volunteers, 23 to 93 years old. Obesity was assessed as obesity index and by a more accurate anthropometric method as percentage of fat. Age and obesity index had a significant but low linear correlation (r = -.16, p less than .05). Age was not significantly correlated to any other metabolic variable. Percentage of fat was, however, significantly related to the fasting plasma levels of glucose (r = .27, p less than .001), insulin (r = .26, p less than .01), and glucagon (r = .16 less than .05). Fasting glucose was significantly correlated to insulin (r = .30 , p less than .001). These significant correlations persisted when age was held constant. In the basal state the main glucoregulatory hormones are not influenced by age, but plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels are influenced by obesity.
Adult↗
Effect of aging on the cardiothoracic ratio of men.
The potential usefulness of chest radiographs in the assessment of physical dimensions was examined in 243 men (age range 20-95 years) who had been followed up for an average of 12.3 years. From 1,124 of these films, measurements of cardiac diameter (CD) and thoracic diameter (TD) were made, and the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) was calculated. Cross-sectional age differences were associated with a tendency toward increases in the CD and CTR throughout the lifespans of the 243 men, regardless of the presence or absence of heart disease. The thoracic diameter (TD) was greater in middle-aged than in young subjects, but less in the oldest than in the middle-aged subjects. Cumulative percentage curves for the CTR showed a shift to higher fiftieth to ninetieth percentile values with age. However, among the subjects free of heart disease, only one (age 95) had a CTR exceeding 50 per cent. Longitudinal analysis data agreed with the cross-sectional data. Forty-nine deceased subjects were matched with living subjects of the same heart disease classifications. Increases in the CD and CTR were predictive of death in the group with heart disease but not in the group without identifiable heart disease. An increase in CD was not correlated with an increase in systolic blood pressure. The decline in TD appeared to reflect a decline in rib-cage mobility with aging.
Adult↗
Interaction of arginine and gastric inhibitory polypeptide on insulin release in man.
The interrelations of the insulin secretagogues, glucose, arginine (Arg), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) were quantified in six normal young men in five sets of experiments with the hyperglycemic clamp technique (125 mg/dl above basal glucose levels for 2 h). After 60 min of intravenous glucose alone, one of the following was added: A) oral glucose (OG) (40 g/m2); B) 15 g.m-2.h-1 Arg infusion; C) 15 g.m-2.h-2 Arg infusion and OG; D) 7.5 g.m-2.h-1 Arg; E) 7.5 g.m-2.h-1 Arg and OG. The clearance rate of Arg was similar for B, C, D, and E. In all experiments, plasma GIP levels were unchanged from the basal level during the 1st h. The increases in plasma GIP levels in experiments C and E were similar to the increase when OG alone was ingested (A). When the stimulatory effect of the secretagogue(s) alone on insulin (IRI) is computed, the increase due to OG (A) and to 7.5 g.m-2.h-1 Arg (D) were similar and additive (A + D approximately equal to E). However, the stimulatory effect of 15 g.m-2.h-1 Arg + OG (C) on IRI was not significantly greater than 15 g.m-2.h-1 alone (B). The 15 and 7.5 g.m-2.h-1 Arg infusion produced different patterns of insulin and glucagon secretions. At the lower dose, the response of both hormones to Arg decreased with time. Arg and GIP act through a similar and possibly common mechanism on the beta-cell. However, only Arg was found to be alpha-cytotropic. GIP does not appear to influence the metabolic clearance of Arg. The dose-response relationships to Arg of the beta- and alpha-cell appear similar.
Adult↗
Dominant inheritance of velopharyngeal incompetence.
A family is described in which a girl, two boys and their father showed speech hypernasality. A half-sib, a grandfather, a great-aunt, and a cousin of these sibs also showed a similar speech defect. Analysis of recorded speech of the father and three sibs revealed articulation deficiencies in addition to hypernasality. Intra-oral examination and neurologic evaluation of the cranial nerves failed to reveal any abnormality in palate morphology or cranial nerve function. Psychometric and audiometric studies of the affected did not contribute to an explanation of the defect. Speech cinefluoroscopy and cephalometric radiographs confirmed that the speech defect involved velopharyngeal incompetence resulting from an anatomic disproportion of the velopharyngeal structures. The family pedigree supports the concept that this type of nasal speech, resulting from disproportion of velopharyngeal structures, is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait.
Adolescent↗