Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R A Larson.
Nitrilotriacetic acid was separated (as its tri-n-butyl ester) from twenty-four other fatty, phenolic and polycarboxylic acids, using prepacked commercial OV-210 columns. Quantitative analysis down to 0.010 mg nitrilotriacetic acid per liter was demonstrated. The molar responses and retention times of the acids, relative to phthalic acid, were determined.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the level at which patients receive pharmaceutical care services and their willingness to pay for comprehensive pharmaceutical care services. DESIGN: A mail survey was sent to 2,500 adults in the United States. SETTING: Surveys were mailed to subjects' homes. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were randomly selected from a marketing database that included representation from each of the 50 states of the United States. INTERVENTION(S): The survey provided a description of comprehensive pharmaceutical care, and survey items asked about the level of care subjects were receiving and their willingness to pay for these services. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Level of various pharmacy services subjects reported receiving, and the dollar amount subjects were willing to pay for comprehensive pharmaceutical care. RESULTS: The majority of the subjects were not receiving pharmaceutical care services. The average amount all respondents were willing to pay for these services was $13 for a one-time consultation and $28 for this plus 1 year of monitoring. Looking only at those respondents willing to pay (56%), the means rise to $23 and $50, respectively. CONCLUSION: A majority of patients are willing to pay for pharmaceutical care services, even if they are not now receiving this level of care. Direct payment from patients who recognize the therapeutic benefits of pharmaceutical care may be a more viable option than is generally believed, at least until the profession can prove pharmaceutical care's utility and cost-effectiveness to third party payers.
Phototransformation of no. 2 fuel oil by UV irradiation at wavelengths designed to simulate sunlight resulted in the formation of products toxic to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increasing the time of irradiation of the fuel oil samples increased the toxicity. Fuel oil that had been irradiated for 12 or 24 h was convertagenic to the yeast strain D4. The toxicity and genetic activity of these samples could be removed by treatment with thiacyclohexane. It is thought that hydroperoxides are the primary photoproducts responsible for these biological effects. Of three hydroperoxides tested, tert-butyl was convertagenic and cumene and tetralin were not. However, all three hydroperoxides were toxic to yeast.
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Evidence has now accumulated that chromosome changes are among the critical events that lead to malignant transformation of cells. More sophisticated analysis of clinical and cytogenetic parameters will lead to identification of additional subtypes of hematologic neoplasms such as t(15;17) APL or Ph1-positive CML. This differentiation has both diagnostic and prognostic importance. Cytogenetic studies currently in progress may reveal etiologic factors in malignant transformation; occupational exposure to potential mutagens, previous cytotoxic therapy, ethnic background, or a family history of cancer may correlate with specific chromosome abnormalities and specific subtypes of leukemia and lymphoma. As our knowledge of the human gene map increases, we expect to be able to relate changes in the affected chromosomes to biochemical abnormalities in the malignant cell. This will improve our understanding of how selected cells gain a proliferative advantage through malignant transformation, and it will aid in the precise classification of these diseases and thus lead to the design of more specific forms of therapy.
Major advances in the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of adult acute leukemias have resulted in significant increases in the number of complete remissions and long-term disease-free survivors. Despite these improvements, most adult patients with acute leukemias still eventually die from their disease or complications of its treatment. New experimental and clinical approaches used to diagnose, monitor, and treat these diseases hold promise for further increased cure rates in the future. This article reviews the classification, immunobiology, cytogenetics, diagnosis, and treatment of adult acute leukemias and describes new directions being taken toward their cure.