Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

R A Good

Publications and source records attributed to R A Good.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Impairment of cell-mediated immunity functions by dietary zinc deficiency in mice.

Several immunologic features were analyzed in mice on a zinc-deficient diet [Zn(-)], in mice pair-fed a diet containing zinc [Zn(+)], in mice fed a Zn(+) diet ad lib, and in mice fed laboratory chow ad lib. When placed on a Zn(-) diet, 6- to 8-week-old A/Jax, C57BL/Ks, and CBA/H mice showed loss of body weight, low lymphoid tissue weight, and profound involution of the thymus within 4-8 weeks after initiation of the regimen. Approximately 50% of the mice on the Zn(-) diet developed severe acrodermatitis enteropathica (lesions on tail and paws) and diarrhea. Pair-fed mice on the Zn(+) diet did not show any of these symptoms. Mice on the Zn(-) diet showed the following immune deficiencies: (i) depressed plaque-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes after in vivo immunization; (ii) depressed T killer cell activity against EL-4 tumor cells after in vivo immunization; and (iii) low natural killer cell activity. However, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes was normal in the mice on the Zn(-) diet. Deficiency of T killer cell activity was not observed when immunization with EL-4 allogeneic lymphoma cells was carried out in vitro. Progressive loss of relative and absolute number of Thy 1.2+ cells and a proportionate relative increase in cells bearing Fc receptors was seen in spleen and lymph nodes of Zn(-) animals. It appears that zinc is an essential element for maintenance of normal T cell and other immune functions in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disease in (B6-GIX+ X 129)F1 mice: relation to naturally occurring antibodies against murine leukemia virus-related cell surface antigens.

G(IX) congeneic mouse strains, C57BL/6-G(IX) (+)(B6-G(IX) (+)) and 129-G(IX) (-), have been derived from the prototype strains, B6(G(IX) (-)) and 129(G(IX) (+)). The hybrids, (B6-G(IX) (+) x 129)F(1) (G(IX) (+)F(1)) and (B6 x 129-G(IX) (-))F(1) (G(IX) (-)F(1)), differ only in regard to genetic loci controlling G(IX) antigen expression. G(IX) (+)F(1) mice spontaneously produce G(IX) antibody and often show signs of autoimmune disease and lymphoproliferative disease. G(IX) (-)F(1) mice and mice of the two parental strains (B6-G(IX) (+) and 129) of G(IX) (+)F(1) do not produce G(IX) antibody and seldom show signs of these diseases. G((ERLD)), and G((RADA1)), antibodies, natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody, and antinuclear antibodies were produced by G(IX) (+)F(1) mice. However, these four antibodies were also found in the other strains. G(IX) (+)F(1) mice develop pronounced diffuse glomerulonephritis similar to that found in systemic lupus erythematosus in man. Incidence studies in which mice were examined according to age rather than state of health showed that the lesions occurred in 38% of G(IX) (+)F(1) mice but not in G(IX) (-)F(1), B6-G(IX) (+), or 129 mice. Lymphoproliferative lesions were either reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) type A or reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH). RCS occurred more often in G(IX) (+)F(1) (38%) than in G(IX) (-)F(1) (12%) or B6-G(IX) (+) (8%). No RCS occurred in mice of the 129 strain. RLH occurred in G(IX) (+)F(1) mice (10%) but not in the other strains. From these results, the following conclusions are drawn: (i) Severe glomerulonephritis and the increased occurrence of lymphoproliferative lesions in these animals depend on the presence of G(IX) antigen; (ii) besides genes controlling G(IX) antigen expression, other genes from both parental strains are required to create the basis in the progeny F(1) mice for the development of these diseases; and (iii) the chronic production of G(IX) antibody may be necessary for the development of the severe glomerulonephritis and for the increased occurrence of lymphoproliferative diseases in G(IX) (+)F(1) mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Separation of human T lymphocyte subpopulations (Tmu, Tgamma) by density gradient electrophoresis.

Purified human peripheral blood T lymphocytes were fractionated by density gradient electrophoresis on the basis of their surface charge. The high mobility cell fractions were found to be enriched in T cells having receptors for IgM (Tmu cells) with only minor proportions of T cells having receptors for IgG (Tgamma cells). In contrast, the low mobility cell fractions were enriched in Tgamma cells with very low numbers of contaminating Tmu cells. Both populations were of higher mobility than human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. High-affinity sheep erythrocyte resette-forming cells (E-RFC) were relatively enriched in the high and intermediate mobility fractions and appear to include the Tmu cells and the T cells without receptors for IgG or IgM (Tvarphi). The low affinity E-RFC were found only in the lower mobility fractions that included the Tgamma cell population. A direct correlation was observed between the number of Tgamma lymphocytes and the low affinity E-RFC in all the fractions. The separated cell fractions were treated in vitro with different concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) and examined for the numbers of Tmu and Tgamma cells. Low concentrations of Con A (2.5 mug/ml) significantly increased the number of Tmu cells, whereas high concentrations of Con A (20 mug/ml and 40 mug/ml) markedly reduced the number of Tmu cells and increased the number of Tgamma cells. Furthermore, all fractions (both Tmu and Tgamma cell enriched) responded by proliferation to Con A, whereas only the high and intermediate mobility fractions (enriched in Tmu cells) responded to phytohemagglutinin. Fractions enriched in Tgamma cells responded very poorly to phytohemagglutinin. This method provides another technique for separating human Tmu- and Tgamma-enriched lymphocyte subpopulations and does not modulate the Fc receptors of the cells, in contrast to the rosetting techniques currently in use for the separation of these lymphocytes.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed1979

Virolysis of mouse mammary tumor virus by sera from breast cancer patients.

All type C retroviruses are lysed by human serum in apparently antibody-independent, complement-mediated reactions. In contrast, we have now determined that the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), a type B retrovirus, is not disrupted by normal human serum. MMTV was lysed, however, when rabbit antibody to whole MMTV was added to the serum. By taking advantage of this dependence of MMTV lysis on specific antibody, a virolytic assay was developed, based on the measurement of reverse transcriptase released from disrupted virions, to search for evidence of antibodies to MMTV in human sera. Significantly greater virolytic activity was detected in the sera of patients with breast cancer than in sera of patients with benign disease (P less than 0.001) or colorectal cancer (P less than 0.001) or in sera from apparently healthy individuals (P less than 0.002). This assay thus appears to be able to detect a unique attribute, possibly the presence of an antibody crossreacting with MMTV, in serum in patient with breast cancer.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Abnormalities in clonable B lymphocytes and myeloid progenitors in autoimmune NZB mice.

Cloning procedures were used to study B lymphocytes and progenitors of granulocytes and macrophages in NZB mice. Numbers of B cells that were detected in sheep erythrocyte-containing semisolid cultures were only slightly elevated in NZB tissues, and these were normally sensitive to inhibition by anti-mu or anti-delta antibodies or prostaglandin E. However, NZB mice rapidly developed large numbers of B cells that could be cloned in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, and these included unusual anti-mu resistant cells. Numbers of myeloid precursors in NZB bone marrow that were responsive to colony-stimulating activity in L-cell conditioned medium or endotoxin serum were at least normal, but at all ages granulocyte-macrophage precursors were poor responders in cultures stimulated by WEHI-3 cell conditioned medium. Almost no colonies were elicited in NZB cultures with a colony-stimulating activity moiety from WEHI-3 cells. Prostaglandin sensitivity of myeloid precursors from NZB and CBA mice was also different. Codominant genetic control of these abnormalities was suggested by their partial expression in F1 hybrid NZB X CBA and NZB X NZW mice. NZB mice expressed an unexpected IgD allotype allele.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Receptors for IgA on a subpopulation of human B lymphocytes.

Human B lymphocytes from peripheral blood and tonsils and leukemic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were examined for the presence of receptors for IgA. Receptors for IgA were present on 5-20% of B cells from peripheral blood of normal persons, 6-21% of B cells from tonsils removed because of chronic enlargement, and 4-10% of B cells from patients with CLL. Prior incubation of B lymphocytes in medium containing fetal calf serum was normally essential for expression of receptors for IgA. IgM and IgG receptors were also examined on B cells from tonsils and CLL. Receptors for IgM were present on a large proportion of B cells from tonsils and B cells from patients with CLL. Their detection also required incubation of B cells in medium containing fetal calf serum for 2-3 days. In one patient with CLL, IgM receptors were present on only a small proportion of B cells. No significant change in IgG receptors on B cells from tonsils or CLL was observed when freshly isolated B cells and cultured receptors on B cells progressively decreased as a consequence of shedding of free Fc receptors into the supernates.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1979

Polymyxin B sulfate modification of bacterial endotoxin: effects on the development of endotoxin shock in dogs.

The effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) on the pathogenesis of canine endotoxin shock were compared with those of LPS which had interacted with polymyxin B sulfate prior to administration. Both LPS and polymyxin B-modified LPS caused comparable early decreases in aortic blood pressure, leukocyte and platelet numbers, and serum complement levels. However, in dogs receiving polymyxin B-modified LPS the late hypotensive phase was significantly ameliorated and lethality was significantly decreased. These data indicate that polymyxin B-modified LPS, though significantly less lethal than unmodified LPS, was capable of major interactions with several components of the humoral defense system, and support the concept that such interactions are not determinative in the pathogenesis of canine endotoxin shock.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Bovine antigens and the formation of circulating immune complexes in selective immunoglobulin A deficiency.

We have shown that levels of circulating immune complexes are closely associated with the presence of precipitating antibodies to bovine milk proteins in individuals with selective immunoglobin (Ig)A deficiency. To test whether milk proteins are involved in immune complex formation, sera of seven IgA-deficient individuals were studied for the appearance of complexes after milk ingestion. In three of the seven, an initial fall in the level of complexes was followed by an increasing value, which peaked at 120-150 min. In another three, there was a tendency toward the formation of two peaks of complexes, the first at 30-60 min and the second at 120-150 min after drinking milk. One subject, who had had recent treatment for two separate neoplasms, had a steady level of complexes that did not change during the course of this test. After drinking milk, the molecular weight of the complexes found in the sera of one individual at the start of the milk test fell from >19S to 7-11S, and in vitro additions of progressively increasing amounts of a mixture of milk proteins or bovine gamma globulin, to sera that contained complexes produced a progressive reduction in the level of complexes detectable. We conclude that the circulating immune complexes found in some patients who lack IgA contain bovine milk proteins and that periodic fluctuation of the molecular weight of such complexes, depending upon antigen ingestion, appears likely. It remains uncertain what effect the chronic circulation of complexes has upon the clinical state of this group of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

T-lymphocyte differentiation in vitro in severe combined immunodeficiency. Defects of stem cells.

A study of T-lymphocyte differentiation was made on fractionated bone marrow cells from normal volunteers and from 11 patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using normal thymic epithelial monolayers and their culture supernates as inducing agents. Normal marrow cells could regularly be induced to bear the human T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA), to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes), and to respond to the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) after coculture with the thymic epithelial monolayers or their culture supernates. In contrast, studies of T-cell differentiation on the marrow cells of patients with SCID revealed varying defects, ranging from a complete "absence" of definable T-cell precursors to partial differentiation resulting in acquisition of one (HTLA) or two (HTLA and E rosettes) markers for T lymphocytes. Only in one patient was there induction of all three T-cell markers, namely, HTLA, E rosettes, and responsiveness to Con A. These observations indicate that SCID is a heterogeneous disorder in which defects of differentiation can occur at one or more multiple sites of differentiation leading the the clinical expression of T- and B-cell dysfunction. Further, our studies indicate that in T-cell differentiation, HTLA probably appears before the capacity to form E-rosettes, and development of the latter capacity is followed by a state of responsiveness to mitogens. A scheme of normal differentiation along with the defects of precursor T cells seen in SCID is presented.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMed1979

Quantitation of lymphocyte response to PHA by flow cytofluorometry. III. Heterogeneity of induction period.

Early events in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of mouse splenocytes have been quantitated by using flow cytometry and supravital staining with acridine orange (AO). Increasing percentages of single cells with increased metachromatic (red) AO staining were demonstrated in cultures stimulated by PHA for up to 24 hr. These differences in staining could be eliminated by fixation with 1:1 ethanol/acetone before staining. Stimulated cells showed an increase in nonspecific esterase activity as measured by flow cytometry after supravital staining with fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The data reported show a heterogeneity in the per cell response of mouse splenocytes to PHA. The relationship between these data and the mechanism of mitogen stimulation is discussed.

Acridine Orange↗
PubMed1979

Isolation of human T lymphocytes by a negative selection procedure.

A single step method to isolate human T lymphocytes was achieved using a rosette technique to deplete non-T lymphocytes. Erythrocytes coated simultaneously with IgG and complement were used to form rosettes with cells bearing such receptors during a short incubation period and the rosetting cells removed by gradient centrifugation. T lymphocytes were isolated (greater than 96% T cells) without exposing to much experimental manipulations and in good recovery (mean 60%, range 40-75%).

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Two T lymphocyte populations as effector cells fro IgG dependent cytotoxicity.

The characteristics and proportions of human lymphocyte populations capable of lysing IgG coated target cells were studied. Monolayer of target erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgG were employed to detect and isolate the lytic effector lymphocytes. Normal peripheral blood effector lymphocytes were shown to express IgG receptors, and a total of four cell types possesing different surface markers were identified. An average of 68% (range 51-80%) of the effector lymphocytes had T lymphocytes antigen and were capable of SRBC rosette formation, and 32% of the lymphocytes lacked T lymphocyte markers. Two populations of these T lymphocytes were identified: one possesses SRBC and IgG receptors, and the other possesses SRBC, IgG and complement receptors. The proportion of the former was estimated as 53.2% and the latter as 14.8% of the total effector cell population. Two other cell types were distinguished among the non-T lymphocytes. One type of lymphocytes bear IgG receptors (21.6%) and the other has both IgG and complement receptors (10.4%). The cytolytic capacity of the two T lymphocyte subpopulations is suggested to be an important reaction of the immune reactive T lymphocytes during the immune response.

Adolescent↗