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Biomedical subjects

R A Childs

Publications and source records attributed to R A Childs.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Oligosaccharide-mediated interactions of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1 that are independent of CD4 recognition.

In this study carbohydrate-mediated interactions of the envelope glycoprotein, gp120, of HIV-1 were investigated. Oligosaccharide probes (neoglycolipids), prepared from the N-glycosidically-linked chains of the natural and recombinant forms of gp120, were used in conjunction with the intact glycoprotein to investigate reactivities with a soluble carbohydrate-binding protein (lectin) known as mannose-binding protein in human serum. Evidence is presented that the high-mannose-type oligosaccharides with seven, eight and nine mannose residues from both forms of gp120 are recognized by the serum lectin, and that these reactivities are unrelated to CD4 recognition. Reactivities of the two forms of envelope glycoprotein with macrophages derived from human blood monocytes and with the mannose-specific macrophage endocytosis receptor isolated from human placental membranes were also investigated. Evidence is presented that both forms of gp120 bind to the macrophage surface by multiple interactions in addition to CD4 binding, and that among these interactions is a carbohydrate-mediated binding to the endocytosis receptor. We propose that such carbohydrate-mediated interactions could form the basis of viral attachment to a variety of healthy and diseased tissues.

CD4 Antigens↗
PubMed1988

New type of adhesive specificity revealed by oligosaccharide probes in Escherichia coli from patients with urinary tract infection.

A series of oligosaccharides derived from glycoproteins or from human milk were coupled to lipid and used as probes of the binding specificities of Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Selective binding to the glycoprotein oligosaccharide probes rich in mannose residues (high-mannose type) was demonstrated with fimbriated E coli that give mannose-inhibitable haemagglutination. This observation is in accordance with predictions from inhibition studies. Binding studies with the human milk oligosaccharide probes, which resemble structures found on host-cell membranes, revealed adhesive specificity unrelated to the presence of fimbriae. This new type of host oligosaccharide receptor is affected by the presence of the blood group genetic markers. It involves the disaccharide sequence linked to the membrane-associated lipid moiety of host-cell glycolipids, and may have a role in initiation of infection on damaged epithelial cell membranes.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1988

Improved procedure for the construction of neoglycolipids having antigenic and lectin-binding activities, from reducing oligosaccharides.

Conditions have been established for the rapid and efficient conjugation of reducing oligosaccharides (di- to deca-saccharides) to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. The resulting neoglycolipids derived from several naturally occurring oligosaccharides and a series of N-linked high-mannose-type oligosaccharides released by hydrazinolysis from RNAase B showed specific and potent reactivities, as appropriate, with monoclonal antibodies to blood group Lewis(b), blood group A or a stage-specific embryonic (SSEA-1) antigen, or the lectin concanavalin A.

Amination↗
PubMed1988

Evidence for occurrence of passively adsorbed I antigen activity on a cultured strain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether I antigen occurs in association with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a form that may be immunogenic during natural infection or experimental immunization. I antigen activity was detected by radioimmunoassay in suspensions of M. pneumoniae MY11965 and in the soluble phase of mycoplasma lysates prepared with Triton X-100. There was evidence for the occurrence of I antigen in at least two macromolecular forms. The first form partitioned in the lipid phase following chloroform-methanol extraction and chromatographed on thin-layer chromatograms as a ceramide decasaccharide. The second form was associated with the residue after lipid extraction and was solubilized by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate or pepsin; this component was tentatively designated a glycoprotein or polysaccharide and was not investigated further. In a lipid extract from mycoplasmas that had been surface labeled by the galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 method, two 3H-labeled glycolipids were detected as minor components which chromatographed on thin-layer chromatograms in the region of an authentic I-active ceramide decasaccharide. However, no significant radioactivity was incorporated into glycolipids after metabolic labeling with [3H]glucosamine. These observations suggested that the mycoplasmas contained surface-associated glycolipids with I antigen activity that were of exogenous origin. This was supported by the observations that horse, rabbit, and fetal calf sera contained I antigen activity and that the I antigen activity in M. pneumoniae cultures reflected the levels found in the sera included in the culture media. From rabbit serum, which expressed the highest antigen activity, an I-active glycolipid was isolated that chromatographed as a ceramide decasaccharide. I-active substances passively adsorbed onto M. pneumoniae are potentially immunogenic. However, we consider these unlikely to be the main stimulus for autoantibody production in natural infection, since the autoantibodies elicited are restricted to the I carbohydrate antigen and there is a lack of antibodies to other glycolipids that may be adsorbed from serous and cellular components of the host tissues. In our view, the more likely stimulus is the specific complex formed between the mycoplasma and the sialo-oligosaccharide receptors of the Ii antigen type, as suggested previously.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Characterisation of oligosaccharides released from human-blood-group O erythrocyte glycopeptides by the endo-beta-galactosidase of Bacteroides fragilis. A study of the enzyme susceptibility of branched poly(N-acetyllactosamine) structures.

Desialylated human blood group O erythrocyte glycopeptides were digested with the endo-beta-galactosidase of Bacteroides fragilis and the enzyme-released products reduced with NaBH4 and purified by Bio-Gel P-4 chromatography. Three linear and six branched oligosaccharides of poly(N-acetylllactosamine) type, which together accounted for 90% of the oligosaccharide alditols, were characterised by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Linkage and composition data were obtained for the remaining material. The salient findings were (a) the branched oligosaccharide alditols each contained the sequence: (Formula: see text) and (b) there was no evidence for the terminal branch-point sequence: (Formula: see text). Together these observations indicate that, as with erythrocyte glycolipids described previously [Scudder, P., Hanfland, P., Uemura, K. & Feizi, T. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 6586-6592], the endo-beta-galactosidase of Bacteroides fragilis cannot hydrolyse branch-point beta-galactosidic linkages on erythrocyte membrane glycopeptides.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1987

Amino acid sequence of beta-galactoside-binding bovine heart lectin. Member of a novel class of vertebrate proteins.

A variety of animal tissues contain beta-galactoside-binding lectins with molecular masses in the range 13-17 kDa. There is evidence that these lectins may constitute a new protein family although their function in vivo is not yet clear. In this work the major part of the amino acid sequence of the 13 kDa lectin from bovine heart muscle has been determined. Comparison of this sequence with the cDNA-deduced sequence published for the chick embryo skin lectin showed 58% homology. Comparison of the bovine lectin sequence with partial sequences from two cDNA clones from a human hepatoma library and partial amino acid sequences of human lung lectin showed 70, 40 and 85% homology, respectively. The sequences of these vertebrate lectins are thus clearly related, supporting earlier results of immunological cross-reactivity within this group of proteins. Computer searching of protein sequence databases did not detect significant homologies between the bovine lectin sequence and other known proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Blood-group-related carbohydrate antigens are expressed on human milk galactosyltransferase and are immunogenic in rabbits.

Immunochemical evidence is presented for the presence of blood-group-related carbohydrate structures on human milk galactosyltransferase and for the occurrence of the corresponding specificities among rabbit antibodies to this enzyme. Although these carbohydrate specificities constitute minor populations among antisera and affinity-purified antibodies to galactosyltransferase, their presence is important in the immunohistochemical approach to enzyme localization, since they give rise to strong reactivities with epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity against coronavirus 229E-infected cells.

An antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) reaction was elicited using human mixed lymphocyte cultures against coronavirus 229E-infected C-16 cells. The response was assayed in microtitre plates by radioactive chromium release. Optimal killing of target cells was achieved using cells labelled 22 h after infection. A prozone was present and the optimal dilution of sera was invariably 1:200. The majority (70%) of sera tested gave a positive ADCC response. These included all sera judged positive by ELISA, but also some which were judged negative. Two experiments using purified IgG from serum which was ADCC and ELISA positive suggested that the response is mediated by an IgG antibody and that the prozone is due to a separate serum component.

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity↗
PubMed1985

Multiple proteins related to the soluble galactose-binding animal lectin revealed by a monoclonal anti-lectin antibody.

A monoclonal antibody (NIBy 142-36/8) raised against the soluble galactose-binding lectin of bovine heart muscle has been tested by solid-phase vinyl-plate radiobinding and nitrocellulose immunoblotting with homogenates of various bovine tissues, and the muscle tissues of pig, rabbit, chicken and rat. Muscle lectins of chicken, rabbit and rat differed from those of man and pig in their lack of reactivity with the 36/8 antibody. There was a good correlation of haemagglutinating activities and immunoreactivities of the bovine tissue homogenates, suggesting that the soluble galactose-binding protein is a major haemagglutinin in various tissues. Immunoblotting experiments revealed an array of antigenically active components in the homogenates in addition to the 13 and 26kDa proteins that were previously detected in preparations of purified lectin. These were in the range 36kDa to more than 200kDa, and a different spectrum of immunoreactive components was found in various cell types. Galactose-binding activity was demonstrable in 13, 26 and 36kDa components in certain bovine tissues, suggesting that the immunoreactive components of higher Mr may be inactive precursor forms of the lectin.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to beta-galactoside-binding lectin of bovine heart muscle. Direct evidence that haemagglutinating activity is associated with a 13kDa protein.

With the aim of obtaining monospecific antibodies against the beta-galactoside-binding lectin of bovine heart muscle, spleen cells from Lou rats immunized with lectin were fused with the rat myeloma line Y3.Ag1.2.3. Two immunoglobulin M (IgM)-producing clones, designated NIBy 142-36/8 and NIBy 143-9/5, derived from separate fusions, were used to generate ascites containing high-titre binding activity against the 13kDa component in preparations of lectin. Direct evidence that haemagglutinating activity is associated with the 13kDa protein was obtained by the specific elution of 13kDa polypeptides with haemagglutinating activity from an immobilized antibody adsorbent. Solid-phase radiobinding assays and immunoblotting of isolated lectins and/or muscle homogenates confirmed the earlier indications with conventional antisera that the beta-galactoside-binding lectins of bovine, human and monkey muscle tissue are antigenically related.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Blood group-active carbohydrate chains on the receptor for epidermal growth factor of A431 cells.

The antigens expressed on the carbohydrate chains of the receptor for epidermal growth factor of A431 cells were studied by immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies. Blood group A and the Type 1 based blood group ALeb and Lea antigens were detected as well as antigens associated with unsubstituted, monofucosylated and difucosylated Type 2 blood group chains. The Lea and the difucosylated Type 2 antigen activities were abolished by treating the blotted receptor with endo-beta-galactosidase, indicating that they are expressed on backbone structures of poly-lacto/neolacto type. (The term 'poly-lacto/neolacto' is used here to describe oligosaccharide backbone structures consisting of repeating Type 1, Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc (lacto) or Type 2, Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc (neolacto) sequences.) The glycosidic linkage of oligosaccharides to protein was investigated using Pronase digests of the receptor biosynthetically labelled with [3H]glucosamine or [3H]fucose. The oligosaccharides were alkali-resistant, consistent with N- rather than O-glycosidically linked chains. A proportion of [3H]fucose-labelled glycopeptides was susceptible to endo-beta-galactosidase, confirming the immunoblotting experiment using antibodies against the Lea and the difucosylated Type 2 antigenic determinants. Oligosaccharides were released from the [3H]fucose- and [3H]-glucosamine-labelled glycopeptides by hydrazinolysis. Chromatography of the oligosaccharides on Bio-Gel P6 and Concanavalin A columns indicated a spectrum of oligosaccharides which include those of high mannose type labelled with [3H]glucosamine, and a mixture of oligosaccharides labelled with [3H]fucose and [3H]glucosamine of bi- and multiantennary complex types of which a subpopulation is susceptible to digestion with endo-beta-galactosidase.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1984

Tumour-associated and differentiation antigens on the carbohydrate moieties of mucin-type glycoproteins.

In this report the carbohydrate antigens expressed on the three oligosaccharide domains, core, backbone and peripheral, of mucin-type glycoproteins are briefly reviewed in the light of recent observations with monoclonal antibodies. These have revealed that a number of cell-surface antigens which behave as tumour-associated and differentiation antigens of man or mouse are abundantly expressed on the carbohydrate chains of a variety of secreted mucins of human and animal origins and they belong to an antigen system which also includes the major blood group antigens. Examples are given of the use of well-characterized anti-carbohydrate antibodies to derive structural information on (a) mucin-type glycoproteins of human B lymphocyte membranes, (b) the high molecular weight glycoproteins of the normal human gastric and distal-colon mucosae and (c) tumour-derived glycoproteins from these two organs. Major differences between the antigenicities of the normal stomach and distal-colon, and between their tumour-derived glycoproteins, and the important effect of the secretor status in the expression of these antigens are described. These observations have enabled a better understanding of the individual and tissue differences in the expression of tumour-associated antigens. The possibility is raised that these carbohydrate structures (many of which also occur on certain N-linked oligosaccharides and glycolipids) are components of receptor systems for endogenous ligands. More tangible evidence is cited for the role of certain structures in this family of saccharides as receptors for infective agents.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1983

High-molecular-weight glycoproteins are the major carriers of the carbohydrate differentiation antigens I, i and SSEA-1 of mouse teratocarcinoma cells.

The carriers of the carbohydrate differentiation antigens I, i and SSEA-1 were investigated in embryonal carcinoma cell lines of mouse and differentiated cell lines derived from them. Glycoproteins were studied by immunostaining ('Western blotting') of total cell lysates and immunoprecipitation from lysates of galactose oxidase/NaB3H4-labelled cells; glycolipids were investigated by immunostaining of thin layer chromatograms. The antigenic activities detected by immunofluorescence of cell smears were reflected in the antigenicities of high-molecular-weight glycoproteins. These were polydisperse and markedly susceptible to digestion with endo-beta-galactosidase. Only the I antigen was detected on minor glycolipids. These observations indicate that glycoproteins rather than glycolipids are the major carriers of carbohydrate differentiation antigens I, i and SSEA-1 in the teratocarcinoma cell lines.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Evidence for the occurrence of O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides of poly-N-acetyllactosamine type on the human leucocyte common antigen.

High molecular weight glycoproteins of human B and T lymphocytes known as leucocyte common antigen or T200 have been shown to carry O- and N-glycosidically linked, sialylated, carbohydrate chains. The O-linked chains are polydisperse and those of B rather than T cell type are highly susceptible to degradation by endo-beta-galactosidase. These differences among lymphocytes that are functionally distinct raise the possibility that the oligosaccharides may contribute to the functions of these differentiation molecules as well as to their electrophoretic diversity.

Antigens↗
PubMed1983

Interactions of a mammalian beta-galactoside-binding lectin with hamster fibroblasts.

A beta-galactoside-binding endogenous lectin extracted from bovine heart binds to the surface of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The binding to and agglutination of cells is reduced in certain ricin-resistant mutants (Ric cells) in parallel with the decreased number of binding sites for the selective agent, ricin, a galactose-specific plant lectin. However, clear differences in the binding specificities of bovine lectin and ricin are shown by the effect of neuraminidase. BHK cells and Ric mutant cells treated with neuraminidase bind similar amounts of the bovine lectin compared with untreated cells, and ricin binding is greatly increased. The mammalian lectin immobilised on inert glass mediates the attachment and spreading of normal BHK cells and agglutinates these cells in solution. Ricin-resistant mutant cells respond poorly. These results are consistent with a role of endogenous lectins in cellular adhesiveness and show that cell adhesion may be regulated by the density of specific surface receptors for lectins.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A multiplicity of erythrocyte glycolipids of the neolacto series revealed by immuno-thin-layer chromatography with monoclonal anti-I and anti-i antibodies.

The thin-layer-chromatography immunostaining procedure was applied to human erythrocyte glycolipids using monoclonal anti-i and anti-I antibodies which are directed against epitopes on linear and branched carbohydrate chains of the neolacto (poly-N-acetyllactosamine) series. An examination of native and mild-acid-treated glycolipids from normal adult (I(adult) antigen type), neonatal (i(cord)), and I-antigen-deficient adult (i(adult)) erythrocytes enabled certain structural inferences to be made as follows: (a) cells of both I and i phenotypes contain a multiplicity of glycolipids of the neolacto series whose backbones consist of 8 or more sugar residues; (b) the octasaccharide backbones are predominantly linear in cells of i phenotype and branched in those of I type; and (c) more complex glycolipids having decasaccharide and larger backbones with both linear and branched sequences occur in erythrocytes of both phenotypes.

Adult↗