Biomedical subjects
R A Bernabeo
Publications and source records attributed to R A Bernabeo.
The Consilium ad Calcolum of Alberto de'Zancari.
Zancari was born in 1278 and practised medicine in Ravenna and Bologna. He is mentioned in the Decameron of Boccaccio and in court records of Bologna in connection with 4 of his students who were accused of exhuming a body for medical research. Zancari's writings are found in several manuscript versions and include commentaries on Galen and Consilium ad Calcolum, which deals with renal calculosis. His therapeutic rules are summarized in 74 lines and cover both acute and quiescent calculi and prevention. The treatments prescribed do not differ from those in general use at the time, nor are any new concepts introduced.
[Ulisse Aldrovrandi and the Antidotarium Bononiense].
The first edition of the Antidotario Bolognese was issued in 1574, having been compiled by a Medical Committee presided by the protophysician Ulisse Aldovrandi. Many extended and revised editions followed up to the nineteenth century, when the book fell progressively into disuse.
[Eurhytmy by Steiner].
According to Rudolph Steiner the aim of medical anthroposophy must be to revalue the soul-body intercourse as a function of recovery. To this purpose, along with mineral, organic and vegetable medicinal principles, of a particular importance is eurhythmy: a series of static postures and dancing shapes which encourage the course of selfeuring innate with man.
[Italian testimony about Maimonides].
As Moses Maimonides' philosophy, validly contributing to both Frederick II's political trend, and Christian theology against the most extremist theses of the Averroists, was introduced into Western Europe, it didn't fail to interest physicians. Thus, starting from the 16th century, some of the author's fundamental texts were read in many Medical Schools of Northern and Central Italy: his Aphorisms especially, which represent a rich selection of sentences drawn from classic and contemporary authors, collected and commented upon by Maimonides himself, anticipated a new wisdom in the scientific field.
The brain anathomy by Stensen (Steno).
Delivered in spring 1665 with the patronage of Parisian Melchisedec Thévenot, this speech sets the basis for a more organic and modern study of the encephalon, analizing critically before and made attempts to explain its functions, errors due to the not always orthodox different techniques of observation, the various and obscure terminology used to indicate its different components, the designer's incapacity to reproduce exactly its structure.
[Johann Mueller and modern experimental research].
Johann Mueller believes "time of observation" basis of scientific research, to have an almost exclusive function in methodologic reflection and axiomatic construction. Though tolerating some deriving principles from "Philosophy of Nature" - which presents accidental facts only by generic images, without entering causes - he maintains that things of the surrounding world cannot be demonstrated in themselves, but only through the events they generate in affecting our sensory organs. Assuming that studies about morphology and physiology in general serve as an introduction to the specific study of single organs and apparatuses, Mueller points out a new address for physiologic investigation, based upon measurement and comparison criteria independent from various mechanisms involved in the determinism of function.
[The medical school of Bologna in Spanish culture].
The relations between Spanish scholars and the University of Bologna may be dated back to the time of Saint Raymond of Penafort, Saint Antonius of Lisbon and Saint Dominic of Guzmàn. These connections became tighter as, a "House of Spanish People" was set up inside Saragozza Gate in order to give hospitality to young students desiring to study canon law, theology and medicine. Students attended constantly up to 1587, greatly contributing to the development of the great Spanish school of the modern age. It was only with the statutes of 1876 that this ancient habit was restored, with the institution of the "Advanced Centre of Post-graduate".
[The human typology: at the origin of the Italian school].
Figurative arts were the first supporters of typology inequalities. In fact in every time artists felt the need of looking for a system of measures fit for reproducing the armony of the human body as a "whole". Doctors generally neglected the anthropomorphic logic till modern times, mostly limiting themselves to the relationship among the various parts. Only later Quetelet fixed the first law, which allowed the consideration for the human kind unity. Starting from this principle a lot of schools developed at the end of the 20th century they dictated a great variety of typologie classifications. In Italy it was De Giovanni who came to the definition of "constitutional medicine", and later Viola and Pende referred to it. So some categories of individuals (biotypes) were outlined from the most tender years. This method proved to be indispensable, among other things, both to appreciate everybody's sporting bent and to start people in an athletic training, and to discover the causes of the symptoms of the disease--typical of growth--and to interfere with them in a prophylactic way, by means of fitting physical exercises too.
[In memoriam: Luigi Belloni].
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[Historical analysis of human deambulation and its conceptual' and technical developments].
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