Biomedical subjects

Q Zhao

Publications and source records attributed to Q Zhao.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Associations of polymorphisms in the Pit-1 gene with growth and carcass traits in Angus beef cattle.

The Pit-1 gene was studied as a candidate for genetic markers of growth and carcass traits. Angus beef cattle that were divergently selected for high- or low-blood serum IGF-I concentration were used in this study. The single-strand conformation polymorphism method was used to identify polymorphism in the Pit-1 gene including regions from intron 2 to exon 6. Two polymorphisms, Pit1I3H (HinfI) and Pit1I3NL (NlaIII), were detected in intron 3 of the Pit-1 gene. One polymorphism, Pit1I4N (BstNI), was found in intron 4, and a single nucleotide polymorphism, Pit1I5, was found in intron 5. The previously reported polymorphism in exon 6, Pit1E6H (HinfI), was also studied in 416 Angus beef cattle. Associations of the polymorphisms with growth traits, carcass traits, and IGF-I concentration were analyzed using a general linear model procedure. No significant associations were observed between these polymorphisms and growth and carcass traits.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Binding of fatty acids facilitates oxidation of cysteine-34 and converts copper-albumin complexes from antioxidants to prooxidants.

As a transition metal capable of undergoing one-electron oxidation-reduction conversions, copper (Cu) is essential for life and fulfills important catalytic functions. Paradoxically, the same redox properties of copper can make it extremely dangerous because it can catalyze production of free radical intermediates from molecular oxygen. Factors involved in regulation of redox activity of albumin-bound copper have not been well characterized. In the present study, effects of modification of the albumin cysteine-34 (Cys-34) and binding of nonesterified fatty acids on the redox-cycling activity of the complex of copper with human serum albumin (Cu/HSA) were studied. Because ascorbate is the most abundant natural reductant/scavenger of free radicals in blood plasma, the electron paramagnetic resonance assay of ascorbate radical formation was used as a method to monitor Cu/HSA redox-cycling activity. At Cu/HSA ratios below 1:1, the bound Cu was virtually redox inactive, as long as Cys-34 was in reduced state (Cu/HSA-SH). Alkylation, nitrosylation, or oxidation of Cu/HSA resulted in the appearance of redox-cycling activity. Experiments with ultrafiltration of Cu/HSA alkylated with N-ethylmaleimide (Cu/HSA-NEM) showed that at Cu/HSA-NEM ratios below 1:1, the ascorbate radicals were produced by Cu tightly bound to HSA rather than by Cu released in solution. The rate of ascorbate radical production in HSA-NEM and S-nitrosylated HSA (HSA-NO) was, however, more than one order of magnitude lower than that in a solution containing equivalent concentration of free copper ions. While Cu/HSA-SH was redox inactive, binding of oleic or linoleic acids induced Cu-dependent redox-cycling with maximal activity reached at a fatty acid to protein molar ratio of 3:1 for oleic acid and 2:1 for linoleic acid. Binding of fatty acids caused profound conformational changes and facilitated oxidation of the Cys-34 SH-group at essentially the same ratios as those that caused redox-cycling activity of Cu/HSA. We conclude that fatty acids regulate anti-/prooxidant properties of Cu-albumin via controlling redox status of Cys-34.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2003

Altered morphology in cultured rat intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells is associated with alkaline phosphatase expression.

Non-transformed, rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6), and human intestinal colonic carcinoma cells (CACO-2) have both been used to study processes of epithelial cell differentiation. However, only CACO-2 cells have been described as spontaneously expressing phenotypic changes of differentiation in culture. We report here that when IEC-6 cells are grown in post-confluent culture, they develop structural changes similar to those seen in cells induced to differentiate by culture on Englebreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) extracellular matrix proteins. Correlated with this morphological change is loss of nuclear localization of c-myc protein and development of cell surface alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymatic activity. Messenger RNAs for liver and intestinal isoforms of ALP were expressed in both pre- and post-confluent cells. Inhibition of ALP activity in post-confluent cells by levamisole indicated the expressed ALP activity to be of the liver isoform. We suggest the expression of ALP activity, which occurs concomitantly with morphological alterations in post-confluent IEC-6 cells, represents increased expression and localization to the cell surface of the liver isoform of ALP. Cultured IEC-6 cells may provide a non-transformed, in vitro alternative to CACO-2 cells for study of epithelial cell differentiation.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed2003

Arsenic trioxide-induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells.

Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)), an effective drug for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), can induce apoptosis and partial differentiation in APL cells in vitro and in vivo. However, As(2)O(3) also induces apoptosis in cancer cells other than APL with complex mechanisms, which seem to be cell type dependent. In this study, we report that APL cells (NB4 cell line) are arrested at early mitotic phase before the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Deltavarphi(m)) and apoptosis after treatment with pharmacological concentrations (1.0-2.0 micro M) of As(2)O(3). We have also made the following new discoveries: (1) 0.5 micro M As(2)O(3) that fails to induce apoptosis has no effects on cell cycle distribution. (2) With inhibition of As(2)O(3)-induced Deltavarphi(m) collapse and apoptosis, dithiothreitol also effectively inhibits As(2)O(3)-induced mitotic arrest, suggesting that both As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis and mitotic arrest involve proteins with thiol groups. (3) 1.5 mM caffeine that relieves cells from G(2)/M arrest also inhibits As(2)O(3)-induced Deltavarphi(m) collapse and apoptosis, (4) 1.0 micro M As(2)O(3) increases the expression of both cyclin B(1) and hCDC20 whereas it inhibits Tyr15 phosphorylation of p34(cdc2). In conclusion, our results strongly support that there is a tight link between As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis and mitotic arrest, the latter being one of common mechanisms for As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2003

Cobalt chloride and low oxygen tension trigger differentiation of acute myeloid leukemic cells: possible mediation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha.

Cellular and systemic O(2) concentrations are tightly regulated to maintain delicate oxygen homeostasis. Although the roles of hypoxia in solid tumors have been widely studied, few studies were reported regarding the possible effects of hypoxia on leukemic cells. Here, we showed for the first time that low concentrations of cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)), a hypoxia-mimicking agent, and 2-3% O(2) triggered differentiation of various subtypes of human acute myeloid leukemic (AML) cell lines, including NB4, U937 and Kasumi-1 cells, respectively, from M3, M5 and M2b-type AML, but CoCl(2) did not modulate AML subtype-specific fusion proteins promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RARalpha) and AML1-ETO. Treatment with CoCl(2) also induced primary leukemic cells from some AML patients to undergo differentiation. Similar to what occurs in solid tumor cells, CoCl(2)-mimicked hypoxia also increased the level of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha protein and its DNA-binding activity in leukemic cells. The CoCl(2) induction of HIF-1alpha protein and its DNA-binding activity were inhibited by 3-morpholinosydnonimine, which also blocked CoCl(2)-induced cell differentiation in leukemic cells. These results provide an insight into a possible link of hypoxia or HIF-1alpha and leukemic cell differentiation, and are possibly of significance to explore clinical potentials of hypoxia or hypoxia-mimicking agents and novel target-based drugs for differentiation therapy of leukemia.

Antigens, CD↗

PubMed2003

The efficacy of an essential oil antiseptic mouthrinse vs. dental floss in controlling interproximal gingivitis: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: The use of dental floss has long been considered to be effective in controlling interproximal plaque and gingivitis. The authors compared this method with that of use of a mouthrinse. METHODS: Subjects with mild-to-moderate gingivitis enrolled in a long-term, six-month study. They received a dental prophylaxis and were randomized into one of the three following treatment groups: brushing and rinsing with an essential oil-containing mouthrinse (the BEO group), brushing and flossing (the BF group) and brushing and rinsing with a control rinse (the B group). RESULTS: A total of 326 subjects were evaluated. The BEO and BF had significantly lower (P < .001) mean interproximal Modified Gingival Index, or MGI, scores than did the B group at six months. The BEO group had lower mean interproximal Plaque Index, or PI, scores than the other two groups at both three and six months. The BF group's mean PI score was significantly lower than the B group's mean score at six months only. The magnitude of reductions for the BEO and the BF groups (vs. the B group) in MGI were 11.1 percent and 4.3 percent and for PI were 20.0 percent and 3.4 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conjunction with professional care (prophylaxis) and toothbrushing over six months, rinsing twice daily with an essential oil-containing mouthrinse was at least as good as flossing daily in reducing interproximal plaque and gingivitis. Clinical Implications. When weighing recommendations for oral hygiene home care, clinicians should consider that an essential oil-containing mouthrinse may be a useful adjunct in patients with gingival inflammation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Purification, crystallization and X-ray analysis of swine vesicular disease virus.

Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is the etiological agent of swine vesicular disease, a highly contagious disease in pigs, and is related to coxsackie B virus. Crystalline arrays of SVDV can be observed in the cytoplasm of cells 4.5 h after inoculation to porcine kidney cells (IBRS-2 cells). Crystals of the JX/78 strain of SVDV were obtained from virus in two wells of crystallization conditions and present preliminary X-ray data to 3.6 A resolution.

Crystallization↗

PubMed2002

Induction of acetylcholinesterase expression during apoptosis in various cell types.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a key role in terminating neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses. AChE is also found in tissues devoid of cholinergic responses, indicating potential functions beyond neurotransmission. It has been suggested that AChE may participate in development, differentiation, and pathogenic processes such as Alzheimer's disease and tumorigenesis. We examined AChE expression in a number of cell lines upon induction of apoptosis by various stimuli. AChE is induced in all apoptotic cells examined as determined by cytochemical staining, immunological analysis, affinity chromatography purification, and molecular cloning. The AChE protein was found in the cytoplasm at the initiation of apoptosis and then in the nucleus or apoptotic bodies upon commitment to cell death. Sequence analysis revealed that AChE expressed in apoptotic cells is identical to the synapse type AChE. Pharmacological inhibitors of AChE prevented apoptosis. Furthermore, blocking the expression of AChE with antisense inhibited apoptosis. Therefore, our studies demonstrate that AChE is potentially a marker and a regulator of apoptosis.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2001

DNA deformability as a recognition feature in the reverb response element.

Most nuclear receptors recognize the same consensus hexameric sequence, AGGTCA. An important question has been how the various members of this transcription factor family distinguish identity features in these closely related DNA sites. We determined structures from several crystal forms of the RevErb-DNA complex and analyzed the patterns of protein-DNA interactions and DNA distortions. We found a significant and consistent DNA distortion at a TA step directly preceding the first consensus 5'-AGGTCA-3' recognition sequence. Importantly, while this base-pair sequence is associated with RevErb's high-affinity sites, there are no sequence-specific contacts formed with the protein. Our study shows that RevErb relies instead on the intrinsic geometry and flexibility of this TA site to make the required fit between the proteins' independent major groove and minor groove binding interactions, which occur on both sides of the TA step. Our findings extend the description of response element discrimination to include a role for sequence-dependent DNA deformations and suggest how other monomeric members of this superfamily, such as NGFI-B, SF-1, and ROR, could also recognize unique geometric features in their DNA targets.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Modulation of immunostimulatory activity of CpG oligonucleotides by site-specific deletion of nucleobases.

The effect of nucleobase deletion in the 3'- or the 5'-flanking sequence to a CpG-motif on immunostimulatory activity of CpG-containing oligonucleotides was examined by cell proliferation, secretion of IL-12 and IL-6 in mouse spleen cell cultures, and by spleen enlargement in mice. Deletion of one or two nucleobases in the 3'-flanking sequence to a CpG-motif at certain positions did not affect immunostimulatory activity, while similar deletions in the 5'-flanking sequence increased immunostimulatory activity compared with the parent oligo.

3' Flanking Region↗

PubMed2001

Differential cytotoxicity of Mn(II) and Mn(III): special reference to mitochondrial [Fe-S] containing enzymes.

Manganese (Mn)-induced neurodegenerative toxicity has been associated with a distorted iron (Fe) metabolism at both systemic and cellular levels. In the current study, we examined whether the oxidation states of Mn produced differential effects on certain mitochondrial [Fe-S] containing enzymes in vitro. When mitochondrial aconitase, which possesses a [4Fe-4S] cluster, was incubated with either Mn(II) or Mn(III), both Mn species inhibited the activities of aconitase. However, the IC(10) (concentration to cause a 10% enzyme inhibition) for Mn(III) was ninefold lower than that for Mn(II). Following exposure of mitochondrial fractions with Mn(II) or Mn(III), there was a significant inhibition by either Mn species in activities of Complex I whose active site contains five to eight [Fe-S] clusters. The dose-time response curves reveal that Mn(III) was more effective in blocking Complex I activity than Mn(II). Northern blotting was used to examine the expression of mRNAs encoding transferrin receptor (TfR), which is regulated by cytosolic aconitase. Treatment of cultured PC12 cells with Mn(II) and Mn(III) at 100 microM for 3 days resulted in 21 and 58% increases, respectively, in the expression of TfR mRNA. Further studies on cell growth dynamics after exposure to 25-50 microM Mn in culture media demonstrated that the cell numbers were much reduced in Mn(III)-treated groups compared to Mn(II)-treated groups, suggesting that Mn(III) is more effective than Mn(II) in cell killing. In cells exposed to Mn(II) and Mn(III), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was significantly decreased by 24 and 16%, respectively. In contrast, rotenone and MPP+ did not seem to alter mtDNA levels. These in vitro results suggest that Mn(III) species appears to be more cytotoxic than Mn(II) species, possibly due to higher oxidative reactivity and closer radius resemblance to Fe.

Aconitate Hydratase↗

PubMed2001

Identification and characterization of a novel fibronectin in zebrafish.

Sequence analysis of zebrafish fibronectin (FN) cDNAs indicates that at least two forms of the protein exist in fish. One form (FN1) is very similar to FNs identified in other vertebrates possessing 12 type I, 2 type II, and 17 type III repeats including two alternative splice sites (EIIIA and EIIIB) and a variable region (V). Zebrafish FN1 contains the RGD cell adhesion site in type III(10) and a second cell-binding site (LDV) in the V region. In addition to this conserved form of FN, a novel truncated form of zebrafish FN (FN2) was identified. The predicted structure of FN2 is identical to FN1 at the N-terminal region possessing 9 type I, 2 type II, and the first 3 type III repeats. Following III(3), FN2 contains a unique 20-amino-acid C-terminal tail that is different from the C-terminus of FN1, lacking the two cysteines that are usually involved in the formation of interchain disulfide bonds. Genomic sequence analysis has revealed that FN2 is generated by an alternative RNA splicing pattern that has not been described for FN in other organisms. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and RNase protection assays reveal that FN2 mRNA is present in the zebrafish embryo throughout development as well as in cultures of an established liver cell line. Experiments conducted with recombinant FN2 synthesized in insect cells demonstrate that the protein promotes the attachment and spreading of fish embryo cells in culture.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed2001

HIF-1alpha binding to VHL is regulated by stimulus-sensitive proline hydroxylation.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is a global transcriptional regulator of the hypoxic response. Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1alpha is recognized by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor protein (VHL), a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. This interaction thereby promotes the rapid degradation of HIF-1alpha. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1alpha is stabilized. We have previously shown that VHL binds in a hypoxia-sensitive manner to a 27-aa segment of HIF-1alpha, and that this regulation depends on a posttranslational modification of HIF-1alpha. Through a combination of in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays using VHL and a panel of point mutants of HIF-1alpha in this region, as well as MS and in vitro binding assays, we now provide evidence that this modification, which occurs under normoxic conditions, is hydroxylation of Pro-564 of HIF-1alpha. The data furthermore show that this proline hydroxylation is the primary regulator of VHL binding.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Surface phosphophilicity of aluminum-containing adjuvants probed by their efficiency for catalyzing the P--O bond cleavage with chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates.

Aluminum-containing adjuvants are widely used in a variety of vaccine products, such as recombinant proteins, virus-like particles, conjugated polysaccharides, and recently DNA vaccines. Aluminum-containing adjuvants are also known to have a high affinity to inorganic phosphate and its mono- or diesters. Since phosphate groups are present in many antigens as well as the natural physiological environment, a better understanding of the interactions between phosphate and phospho-containing species could help in the design of improved vaccines. This report describes a convenient and novel continuous procedure to measure the avidity denoted by the new term "phosphophilicity" of phosphate and phosphate esters to the surface of aluminum-containing adjuvants. The assay measures the rate of hydrolysis of a fluorogenic substrate-6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (DiFMUP)-with a microplate reader. This method was based on the fundamental bioorganic phenomenon that when a tight binding event occurs, the effective concentration of nucleophile(s) will be significantly increased in the proximity of the P atom for a nucleophilic reaction (i.e., the cleavage of the P&bond;O bond) to take place. A very good leaving group (pK(a) of DiFMU approximately 4.7) in the phosphate monoester substrate makes the assay highly sensitive. Top reading of the nascent fluorescence makes the assay very convenient with no need to separate the particulate adjuvants from the reaction mixtures. The results from this assay are consistent with catalysis of the chromogenic phosphate mono- or diesters.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2001

Dynamic, site-specific interaction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha with the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein.

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating genes involved in erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. Recent evidence indicates that the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (VHL) is part of a ubiquitin ligase complex that promotes the degradation of HIF-1alpha under normoxic conditions. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1alpha is markedly stabilized. A critical issue in understanding the hypoxic response is the identification of hypoxia-regulated steps. We show here that hypoxia and cobalt treatment modulate the capacity of a HIF-1alpha fragment comprising residues 531-652 to coimmunoprecipitate with VHL. Hypoxia and cobalt both significantly diminish the interaction, and furthermore, normoxia treatment after hypoxia rapidly normalizes it. This HIF-1alpha fragment confers hypoxia and cobalt inducibility on a heterologous protein. Significantly, contained within this fragment is a short 27-residue sequence that behaves identically in all respects noted above. Finally, evidence is provided to show that cobalt and hypoxia both induce a posttranslational modification (or loss of one) in HIF-1alpha that affects its binding to VHL. We propose that dynamic, site-specific interaction of HIF-1alpha with VHL provides one mechanism by which HIF-1alpha can be regulated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Ovine caveolin-1: cDNA cloning, E. coli expression, and association with endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the principal coat protein of caveolae, plays an obligatory role in regulating the activity of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS). We propose that Cav-1 may be critical to eNOS-NO mediated uterine vasodilatation during pregnancy and estrogen replacement therapy. To test this hypothesis in the sheep model, we isolated the full-length cDNA of ovine Cav-1 (oCav-1) from a Lambda ZAP cDNA library of ovine placental artery endothelial cells. Thirty-two positive oCav-1 clones were recognized by a partial oCav-1 cDNA from this library, of which eight were sequenced. Restriction digestion of these clones revealed that the cDNAs of oCav-1 ranged from approximately 2.1 to 2.7 kb. Northern analysis of Cav-1 mRNAs in ovine uterine artery endothelial cells (UAEC) showed two transcripts of approximately 2.1 and 2.7 kb, respectively. Immunoreactive Cav-1 protein, but not caveolin-2 or caveolin-3, was detected in UAEC. Sequence analysis revealed that in addition to a 537-bp open reading frame encoding a 178 amino acid oCav-1 protein, full-length oCav-1 cDNAs apparently possess a approximately 1.6-2.1 kb 3'-untranslated region. Database searches with oCav-1 cDNA revealed that the coding region of mammalian Cav-1 genes is highly conserved. We prepared a recombinant full-length oCav-1 protein in which six consecutive histidine residues were tagged at the end of its COOH-terminus and developed a [His]6-tagged oCav-1 'pull-down assay' for studying the association of eNOS with Cav-1. Incubation of exogenous [His]6-tagged oCav-1 with resting UAEC extracts led to the formation of a [His]6-tagged oCav-1-eNOS complex. In the presence of a synthetic caveolin-scaffolding domain (CSD, aa 82-101) peptide, but not a mutated CSD peptide, [His]6-tagged oCav-1 associated eNOS was dose (0-10 microM)-dependently inhibited. eNOS association with Cav-1 in UAEC was further confirmed by the facts that eNOS co-immunoprecipitated with Cav-1 and vice versa, and that eNOS co-existed with Cav-1 during the isolation of caveolae membranes. Because dissociation of eNOS from Cav-1 is required for the activation of eNOS, eNOS association with Cav-1 in UAEC suggests an important role of Cav-1 in regulating UAEC production of NO and possibly NO-mediated uterine vasodilatation.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Iron overload following manganese exposure in cultured neuronal, but not neuroglial cells.

Our previous studies show that manganese (Mn) exposure inhibits aconitase, an enzyme regulating the proteins responsible for cellular iron (Fe) equilibrium. This study was performed to investigate whether Mn intoxication leads to an altered cellular Fe homeostasis in cultured neuronal or neuroglial cells as a result of disrupted Fe regulation. Our results reveal a significant increase in the expression of transferrin receptor (TfR) mRNAs and a corresponding increase in cellular 59Fe net uptake by PC12 cells, but not astrocytes, following Mn exposure. These findings suggest that alteration by Mn of cellular Fe homeostasis may contribute to Mn-induced neuronal cytotoxicity.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Anoikis and metastatic potential of cloudman S91 melanoma cells.

Anoikis is a form of apoptosis induced in normal cells as a result of loss of their adhesion to substrate. In the present study, we have tested whether tumor cells are also sensitive to anoikis and whether selection of tumor cells for resistance to anoikis could increase their metastatic ability. In vitro cultured Cloudman S91 melanoma cells are strongly adherent to the plastic. Prevention of their adherence by rocking or by covering culture plates with polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate resulted in induction of anoikis and death of almost all cells. Their death was prevented in the presence of caspase inhibitor Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone. To select anoikis-resistant cells, S91 cells floating in the culture medium were sequentially isolated and transferred for seven generations. As a result, a new subline of S91 cells capable of growing in free cell suspension was selected. These S91 nonadherent (S91Nadh) cells were completely resistant to anoikis and manifested higher metastatic ability than S91Adh cells. Anoikis resistance of S91Nadh cells was not attributable to their resistance to other apoptotic signals in vitro, and they showed no increase in their survival in vivo in the lungs after i.v. inoculation. Increased metastatic potential of the anoikis-resistant S91Nadh cells was associated with various phenotypic changes, including increased proliferation and loss of VLA-4 integrin expression because of down-regulation of the VLA-49alpha (CLD49d) gene. In parallel, they showed a reduction in homotypic aggregation and binding to endothelial cells, increased Matrigel invasiveness, and decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity that paralleled up-regulation of the TIMP-1 gene. S91Nadh cells also manifested changes in cell surface carbohydrates, such as appearance of alpha-galactosyl epitopes as a result of up-regulation of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene and concomitant reduction in cell membrane sialylation. Thus, selection of S91 melanoma cells for anoikis resistance resulted in an increase in their metastatic potential in parallel with multiple alterations in their phenotypic properties.

Animals↗