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Biomedical subjects

Q Lu

Publications and source records attributed to Q Lu.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Pressure/volume curves and lung computed tomography in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Pressure/volume (P/V) curves can be measured by static methods, constant or sinusoidal flow methods and the dynostatic method that allows a breath-to-breath determination of P/V curves. Recent ventilators are equipped with specific flow generators and software aimed at obtaining P/V curves without disconnecting the patient from the ventilator. The most recent generation of computed tomography scanners allows the quantitative determination of lung aeration, lung volumes (gas and tissue), alveolar recruitment and lung overinflation of the whole lung. In the supine position, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) lung is characterised by an increase in lung tissue that predominates in upper lobes and a massive loss of aeration that predominates in lower lobes. In a minority of ARDS patients, the loss of aeration is homogeneously distributed. The overall lung volume of upper lobes is preserved suggesting an alveolar flooding-induced loss of aeration. In contrast, the overall lung volume of lower lobes is reduced because the heart and the abdomen exert an external compression that contributes to the loss of aeration. The P/V curve is a lung recruitment curve and the chord compliance indicates the potential for recruitment. In such patients, alveolar recruitment resulting from positive end-expiratory pressure is not accompanied by lung overinflation. In a majority of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, upper lobes remain partially or totally aerated despite a marked regional increase in lung tissue. The upper lobes' overall lung volume is either normal or increased, suggesting that the lung does not collapse under its own weight as generally believed. In lower lobes, the overall lung volume is reduced because the heart and the abdomen exert an external compression that contributes to the loss of aeration. The pressure/volume curve is influenced by the recruitment of poorly and nonaerated lung regions and by the mechanical properties of the part of the lung remaining aerated. In such patients, alveolar recruitment resulting from positive end-expiratory pressure >10 cmH2O is preceded and accompanied by lung overinflation.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Claudin-8 interacts with multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1) and reduces paracellular conductance in epithelial cells.

The claudin family is a set of integral membrane proteins found at cell-cell interactions in tight junctions. To identify proteins that interact with claudin-8, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to search for binding partners. Using the C-terminal 37 amino acids of claudin-8 as bait, we screened a human kidney cDNA library and identified multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1) as a claudin-8 binding protein. MUPP1 contains 13 PDZ domains and binds to claudin-8 though its PDZ9 domain. When MDCK cells were transfected with epitope-tagged claudin-8 or MUPP1, both molecules were concentrated at cell-cell junctions. The interaction of claudin-8 and MUPP1 in vivo was confirmed by co-immunolocalization and co-immunoprecipitation in MDCK cells. Expression of claudin-8-myc increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and reduced paracellular flux using FITC-dextran as a tracer. Over-expression of FLAG-MUPP1 in MDCK cells also reduced the epithelial paracelhular conductance. Our results indicate that claudin-8 and MUPP1 interact in tight junctions of epithelial cells and are involved in the tight junction barrier function.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Brain armadillo protein delta-catenin interacts with Abl tyrosine kinase and modulates cellular morphogenesis in response to growth factors.

delta-Catenin associates with adhesive junctions and facilitates cellular morphogenesis (Lu et al., 1999). Here we show that delta-catenin colocalizes with actin filaments and Abl tyrosine kinase in the growth cones of cultured hippocampal neurons. PC12 cells induced to express delta-catenin show accelerated neurite extension upon nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation. STI571, an Abl family kinase inhibitor, further accentuates these stimulatory effects. delta-Catenin is a potent substrate for Abl in vitro using an immunocomplex assay and most of the Abl-induced tyrosine phosphorylation within cells is present in the N-terminus of delta-catenin. When delta-catenin-expressing epithelial cells are induced to scatter in response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), STI571 leads to the rapid redistribution of delta-catenin and changes in cellular morphology. We suggest that delta-catenin is a possible Abl substrate and acts downstream of Abl to orchestrate actin-based cellular morphogenesis.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed2002

Glutamate-induced delta-catenin redistribution and dissociation from postsynaptic receptor complexes.

Delta-catenin (or neural plakophilin-related arm-repeat protein/neurojungin) is primarily a brain specific member of the p120(ctn) subfamily of armadillo/beta-catenin proteins that play important roles in neuronal development. Our previous studies have shown that the ectopic expression of delta-catenin induces the formation of dendrite-like extensions and that the overexpression of delta-catenin promotes dendritic branching and increases spine density. Here we demonstrate that delta-catenin displays a dendritic distribution pattern in the adult mouse brain and is co-enriched with postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) in the detergent insoluble postsynaptic scaffolds. Delta-catenin forms stable complexes with excitatory neurotransmitter receptors including ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 2A (NR2A), metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha (mGluR1alpha), as well as PSD-95 in vivo. In cultured primary embryonic neurons, delta-catenin clusters co-distribute with filamentous actin and resist detergent extraction. In dissociated hippocampal neurons overexpressing delta-catenin, glutamate stimulation leads to a rapid redistribution of delta-catenin that can be attenuated by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and dizocilpine, selective inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Upon glutamate receptor activation, delta-catenin becomes down-regulated and its association with NR2A and mGluR1alpha in cultured neurons is diminished. These findings support a possible functional connection between delta-catenin and the glutamatergic excitatory synaptic signaling pathway during neuronal development.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed2002

Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia in single nutritive capillaries of the nail fold: methodological considerations.

Endothelial function at the arterial level has been extensively assessed by a non-invasive method using flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Early disturbances have been found in patient groups prone to later development of manifest macrovascular atherosclerosis. A possible non-invasive means of studying blood-flow regulation and function at the microcirculatory level is through videophotometric capillaroscopy. The most stable variable in such an investigation is the time-to-peak (TtP) flow after a brief arterial occlusion. The short-term reproducibility of such assessments is excellent but the coefficient of variation (CV) in long-term studies is reported to be in the order of slightly less than 20%. The aim of the present methodological study was to evaluate different sources of variations in such microcirculatory assessments in order to be able to propose design recommendations that minimize the number of patients and recordings needed to achieve sufficient statistical power in longitudinal studies. We used a symmetric design with 144 recordings of TtP after a one-minute arterial occlusion in healthy volunteers. We did six occlusions each time in the capillaries of two fingers on each occasion, and repeated the procedure three times with an interval of at least one week between each investigation. All recordings were analyzed off-line using a cross-correlation technique with the Capiflow system. Each analysis was performed at least three times, giving a total of slightly less than 500 assessments. In our material (n = 10) TtP had a mean of 6.3 s (95% confidence interval 5.2-7.4). The correlation between repeated measurements in a single capillary during a single session was r > 0.91 (CV 6%). The between-finger CV was 8% (r = 0.84). The CV of measurements between different days was about 20% when single measurements were compared. However, the CV decreased to less than 13% when the mean of at least two time-to-peak assessments on each occasion was used. In conclusion, the methodological error including day-to-day variation could be minimized using the mean of at least two repeated assessments of post-occlusive hyperemia at each time point in a longitudinal study. This finding should be taken into consideration in the design of future longitudinal studies.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2001

Detailed-term-accounting-approximation calculations of the radiative opacity of laser-produced Al plasmas.

An extensive configuration interaction (CI) scheme and the R-matrix method are combined to calculate the radiative opacity for laser-produced aluminum plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium using the detailed-term-accounting (DTA) approximation. The CI scheme is used to obtain the absorption oscillator strengths of the electric dipole allowed transitions for evaluating the bound-bound absorption cross sections, and the R-matrix method is used to obtain the bound-free absorption (photoionization) cross sections. For an aluminum plasma at a temperature of 20 eV and the density of 0.01 g/cm(3), the Rosseland and Planck mean opacities are calculated to be 4184 and 24891 cm(2)/g, respectively, by integrating the spectrally resolved opacities with Rosseland and Planck weighting functions. The two mean opacities are also obtained by using the average atom model, and they are 22520 and 30402 cm(2)/g, respectively. The optical transmission from the photon energy of 70-250 eV, which was experimentally measured by Winhart et al. [G. Winhart et al. Phys. Rev. E 53, R1332 (1996)], is also calculated. Generally good agreement is found between our DTA and experimental transmission. Our theoretical result reproduces all structures shown in the experiment, whereas some of the structures near the higher energy edge did not show up in some other opacity models. These structures are attributed to the detailed treatment of the photoionization process.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Different classifications of UPOs in the parametrically different chaotic ISI series of a neural pacemaker.

Various interspike intervals (ISIs) in a series of spontaneous discharges of experimental neural pacemakers were identified as chaotic and as lying between stable period 2 and stable period 3. The method of So et al. for detection of unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) was applied to analyze two chaotic ISI series generated under the action of [Ca2+]o in different concentrations. In the chaotic ISI series near the stable period 2, an unstable period 2 orbit was detected. In the chaotic ISI series near the stable period 3, both an unstable period 2 orbit and an unstable period 3 orbit were detected. The location of the unstable period 2 orbit was close to that of the stable period 2 in the return map, while the location of the unstable period 3 orbit was close to that of the stable period 3. The results not only revealed the structures of various chaotic ISI series, but also indicated that the classification of UPOs could reflect the experimental control parameters at which the chaotic ISI series were generated. The previously discovered period adding bifurcation in the ISI series generated by experimental neural pacemakers [12] was further described in terms of the evolution of the period orbits.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Homeostatic regulation of the immune system by receptor tyrosine kinases of the Tyro 3 family.

Receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands mediate cell-cell communication and interaction in many organ systems, but have not been known to act in this capacity in the mature immune system. We now provide genetic evidence that three closely related receptor tyrosine kinases, Tyro 3, Axl, and Mer, play an essential immunoregulatory role. Mutant mice that lack these receptors develop a severe lymphoproliferative disorder accompanied by broad-spectrum autoimmunity. These phenotypes are cell nonautonomous with respect to lymphocytes and result from the hyperactivation of antigen-presenting cells in which the three receptors are normally expressed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Ephrin-B reverse signaling is mediated by a novel PDZ-RGS protein and selectively inhibits G protein-coupled chemoattraction.

Transmembrane B ephrins and their Eph receptors signal bidirectionally. However, neither the cell biological effects nor signal transduction mechanisms of the reverse signal are well understood. We describe a cytoplasmic protein, PDZ-RGS3, which binds B ephrins through a PDZ domain, and has a regulator of heterotrimeric G protein signaling (RGS) domain. PDZ-RGS3 can mediate signaling from the ephrin-B cytoplasmic tail. SDF-1, a chemokine with a G protein-coupled receptor, or BDNF, act as chemoattractants for cerebellar granule cells, with SDF-1 action being selectively inhibited by soluble EphB receptor. This study reveals a pathway that links reverse signaling to cellular guidance, uncovers a novel mode of control for G proteins, and demonstrates a mechanism for selective regulation of responsiveness to neuronal guidance cues.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

N-acetylcysteine improves microcirculatory flow during smoking: new effects of an old drug with possible benefits for smokers.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking provokes marked acute changes in the microcirculatory vasculature, including a reduced blood flow velocity. In accordance with the hypothesis that the reduced blood flow is due to an imbalance between pro-oxidants and oxidants, we recently showed that most of the reduction could be reversed by a high dose of vitamin C. HYPOTHESIS: In the present work we tested the hypothesis that N-acetylcysteine, a mucolyticum and an antioxidant, may have an effect on the smoking-induced changes observed by vital capillary microscopy of the nailfold. METHODS: In all, 37 healthy volunteers of both genders and with varied smoking habits were treated with N-acetylcysteine 200 mg t.i.d. for 2 weeks. In vivo investigation of the microcirculation by capillaroscopy was performed before and after treatment. RESULTS: Treatment with N-acetylcysteine significantly reduced the smoking-induced relative decrease in capillary blood flow velocity in a group of volunteers with varied smoking habits (p = 0.0016). The preventive effect was clearly significant in smokers (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Treatment with N-acetylcysteine has a positive impact on microcirculatory flow during smoking, particularly in habitual smokers.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of PEEP-induced reopening of collapsed lung regions in acute lung injury: are one or three CT sections representative of the entire lung?

OBJECTIVES: To study whether PEEP-induced reopening of collapsed lung regions--defined as the decrease in nonaerated lung volume measured on a single or three computerized tomographic (CT) sections--is representative of the decrease in overall nonaerated lung volume. DESIGN: Review of 39 CT scans obtained in consecutive patients with Acute Lung Injury. SETTINGS: Fourteen-bed surgical intensive care unit of a University Hospital. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: PEEP-induced decrease in nonaerated lung volume was measured in 39 patients with ALI on a single juxtadiaphragmatic CT section, on three CT sections--apical, hilar, and juxtadiaphragmatic--and on contiguous apex-to-diaphragm CT sections. The percentage of decrease in nonaerated lung volume following PEEP, was compared between one, three and all CT sections using a linear regression analysis and Bland and Altman's method. The decrease in nonaerated lung volume measured on a single and three CT sections was significantly correlated with the decrease in nonaerated lung volume measured on all CT sections: R=0.83, P<0.0001 for one CT section and R=0.92, P<0.0001 for three CT sections. However, measurements performed on a single CT section were poorly representative of the overall lung: bias -6%, limits of agreement ranging between -37% and +25%. Measurements performed on three CT sections overestimated by 11% the overall decrease in nonaerated lung volume: bias -11%, limits of agreement ranging between -29% and +7%. CONCLUSIONS: PEEP-induced reopening of collapsed lung regions measured on a single or three CT sections sensibly differs from the reopening of collapsed lung regions measured on the overall lung. The inhomogeneous distribution of PEEP-induced reopening of collapsed lung regions along the cephalocaudal axis probably explains these discrepancies.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Aromatase and COX-2 expression in human breast cancers.

We have investigated aromatase and the inducible cyclooxygenase COX-2 expression using immunocytochemistry in tumors of a series of patients with advanced breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitors. Aromatase was expressed in 58/102 breast cancers. This is similar to the percentage previously reported for aromatase activity. Interestingly, aromatase was expressed in a variety of cell types, including tumor, stromal, adipose, and endothelial cells. Since prostaglandin E2 is known to regulate aromatase gene expression and is the product of COX-2, an enzyme frequently overexpressed in tumors, immunocytochemistry was performed on the tissue sections using a polyclonal antibody to COX-2. Aromatase was strongly correlated (P<0.001) with COX-2 expression. These results suggest that PGE2 produced by COX-2 in the tumor may be important in stimulating estrogen synthesis in the tumor and surrounding tissue. No correlation was observed between aromatase or COX-2 expression and the response of the patients to aromatase inhibitor treatment. However, only 13 patients responded. Nine of these patients were aromatase positive. Although similar to responses in other studies, this low response rate to second line treatment suggests that tumors of most patients were no longer sensitive to the effects of estrogen. Recent clinical studies suggest that greater responses occur when aromatase inhibitors are used as first line treatment. In the intratumoral aromatase mouse model, expression of aromatase in tumors is highly correlated with increased tumor growth. First line treatment with letrozole was effective in all animals treated and was more effective than tamoxifen in suppressing tumor growth. Letrozole was also effective in tumors failing to respond to tamoxifen, consistent with clinical findings. In addition, the duration of response was significantly longer with the aromatase inhibitor than with tamoxifen, suggesting that aromatase inhibitors may offer better control of tumor growth than this antiestrogen.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2001

Microchip separations of transition metal ions via LED absorbance detection of their PAR complexes.

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography was utilized in the electrophoretic separation of seven transition metal ions, colorimetrically complexed by 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) on a glass capillary electrophoresis microchip. Detection of the PAR metal chelates was demonstrated using a green light emitting diode (540 nm) and a miniature photomultiplier tube. Parameters investigated included the effect of buffer type, pH and surfactant concentration (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) on the separation efficiency. The optimally determined background electrolyte contained 10 mM ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), 1 mM PAR to prevent kinetic lability problems and 75 mM SDS for enhanced resolution. The separation of seven transition metal ions, Co2+, V3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Cd2+, was achievable in under 65 s, with the resolution of each metal ion in excess of 1.60. Detection limits obtained ranged from 400 ppb for Ni2+ to 1.2 ppm for Mn2+.

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary↗
PubMed2001

Biological and genetic characteristics of two Trichinella isolates in China; comparison with European species.

The most recent taxonomic revision in Trichinella genus included 10 taxa. Trichinella spiralis (Ts) is a thoroughly studied species but most of the isolates came from the Europe or American continents. Few information is available from China about the Trichinella isolates and their diversity. In this report two Chinese isolates were characterized and compared with European strains. The in vitro release of newborn larvae (NBL) was determined for the two species. NBL is observed in supernatant of cell culture after adults purification on day 4 post infection (pi) with Ts, and on day 5 pi with Trichinella nativa (Tna). A new parameter was thus proposed to characterize Trichinella strains. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of genomic DNA and random amplified polymorphic cDNA (RAPD) were used to define genetic variability among different isolates. Species specific pattern could be obtained with RAPD but it was far more difficult to get geographical markers for Trichinella using these methods. A low genetic variability in Trichinella species (i.e. a strong "clonality") is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A time course study of the protective effect of mesenteric lymph duct ligation on hemorrhagic shock-induced pulmonary injury and the toxic effects of lymph from shocked rats on endothelial cell monolayer permeability.

BACKGROUND: We have previously documented that lymphatic duct division protects against shock-induced lung injury when tested 3 hours post-shock and that lymph collected at 3 hours post-shock increases endothelial cell monolayer permeability. However, whether lymph collected at other time points post-shock also increases endothelial cell permeability is not known. We tested the protective effects of lymphatic division on lung permeability at 6, 12, and 24 hours post-shock and the ability of lymph collected before, during, and hourly (up to 6 hours) after shock to increase endothelial cell monolayer permeability. METHODS: At 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours after sham or actual shock (30 mm Hg for 90 min), lung permeability was measured by using Evans blue dye in rats subjected to sham or actual mesenteric duct ligation. In separate experiments, the ability of lymph collected from rats subjected to shock or sham shock to increase human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayer permeability to a 40 kd dextran rhodamine permeability probe. Lymph was tested at 10% and 1% concentrations. RESULTS: Hemorrhagic shock induced a 3- to 4-fold increase in lung permeability compared with sham-shock rats when tested at 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours post-shock. Lymphatic division prevented this increase in lung permeability at each of these time points. Sham shock lymph did not increase HUVEC permeability, while lymph from the shocked rats did, whether tested at 1% or 10%. Lymph samples collected during the shock period and hourly for 6 hours post-shock all increased HUVEC permeability; however, the greatest relative increase in HUVEC permeability was observed in the 3- and 6- hour post-shock samples. CONCLUSIONS: Lung injury after hemorrhagic shock appears to be caused by toxic factors carried in the mesenteric lymph, and factors capable of increasing HUVEC permeability initially appear in the lymph during the shock period and increase over time.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Factors larger than 100 kd in post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph are toxic for endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Post-shock mesenteric lymph kills and injures endothelial cells (ECs), but neither the mechanism nor the mediators of lymph's toxic effect are known. Thus, in these studies we investigated and characterized potential factors that may be involved in lymph's toxic effect on ECs. METHODS: Lymph was collected hourly from rats before shock, during the shock period, and for 6 hours post-shock and processed in several ways-including removal of cellular elements, freezing, heating, or separation by molecular weight-after which they were tested for toxicity (lactate dehydrogenase as a marker of cell injury and trypan blue as a marker of cell viability). RESULTS: Controls consisting of medium, pre-shock lymph, and post-shock portal vein plasma had no EC toxicity. Lymph collected 1 to 3 hours post-shock resulted in the death of 90% to 95% of ECs and caused an 8- to 10-fold increase in lactate dehydrogenase release; however, this toxic effect waned by 4 hours post-shock. Endotoxin neutralization and immune cell removal did not decrease lymph cytotoxicity but complement inactivation did. By fractionating the toxic lymph samples by size, it appears that the putative EC cytotoxic mediator(s) is larger than 100,000 d. CONCLUSIONS: Mesenteric lymph collected 1 to 3 hours after hemorrhagic shock is toxic to ECs, but this effect is lost by 4- to 5-hours post-shock and is not dependent on the presence of immune cells or endotoxin but does involve complement and other putative mediators of greater than 100,000 d.

Cell Death↗
PubMed2001

The female gender protects against pulmonary injury after trauma hemorrhagic shock.

BACKGROUND: Previously, we have documented that lung injury after trauma-hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) is related to gut injury and that females are more resistant to T/HS-induced lung injury than males. However, it is not known if the estrus cycle stage at the time of injury influences the female rat's resistance to T/HS-induced lung injury. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if the protective effect of the female gender on lung injury after T/HS is estrus cycle stage-specific. To test this hypothesis, female rats were subjected to trauma (laparotomy) and hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) during different stages of the estrus cycle. Female animals subjected to trauma with sham hemorrhagic shock served as the control. METHODS: Female Sprague-Dawley rats during the proestrus, estrus, metestrus, or diestrus stages of the menstrual cycle were subjected to a midline laparotomy (trauma) and either hemorrhagic shock (MAP = 30 mm Hg x 90 min) or sham shock. The total volume of blood necessary to induce and maintain the shock state was recorded. At the end of the shock period, the animals were resuscitated with their shed blood. At 6 h postresuscitation, the animals were sacrificed and lung permeability was measured using the Evans blue dye technique and by determining the bronchoalveolar (BALF) to plasma protein ratio. Additionally, pulmonary leukosequestration was quantitated by measuring pulmonary myeloperoxidase levels. RESULTS: T/HS-induced lung injury and increased pulmonary leukosequestration were not observed in female rats in the proestrus or estrus stages of the menstrual cycle. In contrast, pulmonary permeability was increased significantly in the diestrus stage animals after T/HS. That is, the diestrus females subjected to T/HS had increased pulmonary permeability to Evans blue dye than sham or T/HS proestrus, estrus, and metestrus rats (6.49 +/- 1.33% versus 1.7 +/- 0.87%, 1.57 +/- 0.54%, 1.78 +/- 0.82%, 3.33 +/- 0.68%, p < 0.01, respectively). Similar results were obtained with the BALF protein/plasma protein ratio (0.15 +/- 0.017 versus 0.09 +/- 0.009, 0.09 +/- 0.03, 0.08 +/- 0.022, 0.11 +/- 0.029 p < 0.05, respectively). Although the T/HS metestrus rats had mildly increased lung permeability, this increase in T/HS-lung permeability did not reach statistical significance. Pulmonary myeloperoxidase levels after T/HS displayed a similar trend, with diestrus rats subjected to T/HS having the highest level of MPO (p < 0.05 versus sham or T/HS proestrus and estrus but not metestrus groups). Linear regression analysis of MPO versus Evans blue dye leak revealed a significant correlation between pulmonary neutrophil sequestration and lung leak (r = 0.9549; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Protection against T/HS-induced lung injury was greatest during the estrus and proestrus stages of the menstrual cycle and decreased with progression to diestrus. During the diestrus stage of the menstrual cycle when gonadal hormone levels are lowest, the rats are more sensitive to T/HS-induced lung injury, indicating that gonadal hormones modulate T/HS-induced lung injury.

Animals↗