Biomedical subjects

Philip L Graham

Publications and source records attributed to Philip L Graham.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

A U.S. population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of staphylococcal colonization and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is changing, and little is known from the national perspective. OBJECTIVE: To describe the U.S. epidemiology of S. aureus nasal colonization, compare risk factors for colonization with methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) versus MRSA, and compare antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic factors of colonizing strains of S. aureus. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a stratified, multistage probability sample. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: 2001-2002 NHANES participants older than 1 year of age. MEASUREMENTS: Colonization of MSSA and MRSA, risk factors for colonization, antimicrobial resistance, and percentage of isolates with selected genetic factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of colonization with S. aureus and with MRSA was 31.6% and 0.84%, respectively, in the noninstitutionalized U.S. population. People younger than 65 years of age, men, persons with less education, and persons with asthma were more likely to acquire S. aureus. Persons of black race and those of Mexican birth had lower risk for S. aureus colonization. Persons 65 years of age or older, women, persons with diabetes, and those who were in long-term care in the past year were more likely to have MRSA colonization. Hispanic persons had statistically significantly less risk than white persons. Isolates of MRSA with staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec type IV (which is often associated with community-associated MRSA) were statistically significantly more likely to be sensitive to erythromycin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin. LIMITATIONS: Colonizing isolates may be different from isolates associated with infection. Risk factors identified may differ from those associated with invasive disease. The 2001-2002 NHANES data are several years old and may not reflect the most recent changes in epidemiology, but they are the only national data available. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics of persons with MSSA and MRSA seem to differ. These findings may be useful for differentiating those who may be at risk for MRSA.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Risk factors for late onset gram-negative sepsis in low birth weight infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSIs) cause 20-30% of late onset sepsis in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients and have mortality rates of 30-50%. We investigated risk factors for late onset Gram-negative sepsis in very low birth weight (<1500 g) NICU patients. METHODS: We performed a case-control study as part of a larger 2-year clinical trial that examined the effects of hand hygiene practices on hospital-acquired infections. In this substudy, a case was a very low birth weight infant with a hospital-acquired Gram-negative BSI; control subjects, matched on study site and hand hygiene product, were chosen randomly from the patients who did not have Gram-negative BSIs. Potential risk factors were analyzed by Mantel-Haenszel methods and conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 48 cases of Gram-negative BSI. In multivariate analysis, we found that the following variables were significantly associated with Gram-negative BSI: central venous catheterization duration of >10 days; nasal cannula continuous positive airway pressure use; H2 blocker/proton pump inhibitor use; and gastrointestinal tract pathology. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses provide insights into potential strategies to reduce Gram-negative BSIs. Catheters should be removed as possible and H2 blockers/proton pump inhibitors should be used judiciously in NICU patients. The association between nasal cannula continuous positive airway pressure and Gram-negative BSIs requires further investigation. The association of gastrointestinal tract pathology with Gram-negative BSIs identifies a high risk group of neonates who may benefit from enhanced preventative strategies.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed2006

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Continuous Positive Airway Pressure↗

PubMed2004

Validation of a multicenter computer-based surveillance system for hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care departments.

Automated systems can facilitate surveillance for health care-associated infections. The New York Antimicrobial Resistance Project (NYARP) electronically monitors trends in bloodstream infections from 6 medical centers in New York, NY. To validate NYARP's data, episodes of health care-associated bloodstream infections detected by this system were compared with those obtained by an infection control practitioner performing an unrelated study in 2 participating neonatal intensive care departments. The sensitivity (84%), specificity (99%), and positive (84%) and negative (99%) predictive values of NYARP were excellent when coagulase-negative staphylococcal bloodstream infections were removed.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed2003

Hospital transmission of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among postpartum women.

Infections caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are being increasingly observed in patients who lack traditional risk factors. We described 8 postpartum women who developed skin and soft-tissue infections caused by MRSA at a mean time of 23 days (range, 4-73 days) after delivery. Infections included 4 cases of mastitis (3 of which progressed to breast abscess), a postoperative wound infection, cellulitis, and pustulosis. The outbreak strains were compared with the prototype CA-MRSA strain MW2 and found to be indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All were spa type 131, all contained the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec type IV, and all expressed Panton-Valentine leukocidin and staphylococcal enterotoxins C and H. The route of transmission was not discovered: the results of surveillance cultures of samples obtained from employees of the hospital, the hospital environment, and newborns were negative for the outbreak strain. We report that MW2, which was previously limited to the midwestern United States, has spread to the northeastern United States and has become a health care-associated pathogen.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

Staphylococcal and enterococcal infections in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Along with the successes in improving the survival of preterm neonates have come changes in the epidemiology of pathogens that cause healthcare-associated infections. Although gram-negative bacilli and group B streptococci predominated in past years, gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and enterococci have since taken on greater roles. This shift has been accompanied by difficulties in defining optimal treatments for these pathogens because of emerging resistance patterns.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed2002

Epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the neonatal intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: When the incidence of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection or colonization increased in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), we sought to further our understanding of the relationship among colonization with MSSA, endemic infection, and clonal spread. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was used to determine risk factors for acquisition of a predominant clone of MSSA (clone "B"). SETTING: A 45-bed, university-affiliated, level III-IV NICU. PATIENTS: Infants hospitalized in the NICU from October 1999 to September 2000. INTERVENTIONS: Infection control strategies included surveillance cultures of infants, cohorting infected or colonized infants, contact precautions, universal glove use, mupirocin treatment of the anterior nares of all infants in the NICU, and a hexachlorophene bath for infants weighing 1,500 g or more. RESULTS: During the 1-year study period, three periods of increased incidence of MSSA colonization or infection, ranging from 6.4 to 13.5 cases per 1,000 patient-days per month, were observed. Molecular typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated two predominant clones, clone "B" and clone "G," corresponding to two periods of increased incidence. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that length of stay (OR, 1.035; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.008 to 1.062; P = .010) increased risk per day) and the use of H2-blockers (OR, 20.44; CI95, 2.48 to 168.26; P = .005) were risk factors for either colonization or infection with clone "B," and that the use of peripheral catheters was protective (OR, 0.06; CI95, 0.01 to 0.43; P= .005). CONCLUSIONS: Control of MSSA represents unique challenges as colonization is expected, endemic infections are tolerated, and surveillance efforts generally focus on multidrug-resistant pathogens. Future studies should address cost-effective surveillance strategies for endemic infections.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed2002

Linezolid treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ventriculitis.

The successful treatment of a 7-month-old infant with shunt-associated ventriculitis caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium is presented. Linezolid was administered intravenously every 8 h; children have a greater volume of distribution and total body clearance than adults and therefore require more frequent dosing. The patient tolerated the therapy without adverse effects.

Acetamides↗