Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

P Skolnick

Publications and source records attributed to P Skolnick.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Glucose regulates [3H](+)-amphetamine binding and Na+K+ ATPase activity in the hypothalamus: a proposed mechanism for the glucostatic control of feeding and satiety.

Binding sites for [3H](+)-amphetamine in the hypothalamus may mediate the anorectic actions of amphetamine and related phenylethylamines. To investigate further the role of these sites in the central control of appetite, the binding of [3H](+)-amphetamine to the hypothalamus and brainstem was measured following food deprivation and refeeding, the onset of genetic obesity, or the administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Food deprivation for 24 to 72 hours reduced the Bmax for [3H](+)-amphetamine binding in the hypothalamus and brainstem but not in other brain areas or peripheral tissues. The decrease in hypothalamic and brainstem [3H](+)-amphetamine binding observed following food deprivation was time-dependent and rapidly reversed by brief refeeding with either rat chow or a 10% glucose solution. Moreover the changes in [3H](+)-amphetamine binding were highly correlated to corresponding alterations in blood glucose concentration. Furthermore, D-glucose, but not L-glucose increases the number of hypothalamic [3H](+)-amphetamine binding sites when administered in vivo or when added to hypothalamic slices in vitro. These data suggest that the [3H](+)-amphetamine binding site in the hypothalamus and (or) brainstem may be coupled to a central "glucostat."

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ethanol stimulates gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-mediated chloride transport in rat brain synaptoneurosomes.

The effects of ethanol on Cl- uptake were studied using a cell-free subcellular preparation from brain that contains a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/barbiturate receptor-sensitive Cl- transport system. In isolated vesicles prepared from rat cerebral cortex, ethanol, at concentrations that are present during acute intoxication (20-50 mM), stimulated 36Cl- uptake in a concentration-dependent and biphasic manner. The ethanol-stimulated uptake of 36Cl- was markedly inhibited by the GABA antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline but not by a variety of other neurotransmitter receptor antagonists. The effects of ethanol in stimulating 36Cl- uptake in isolated brain vesicles were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that of pentobarbital. Ethanol also markedly potentiated both muscimol- and pentobarbital-stimulated 36Cl- uptake at concentrations below those that directly stimulate 36Cl- uptake. Under our incubation conditions, ethanol did not release GABA, suggesting that it interacts with the postsynaptic GABA/barbiturate receptor complex. The ability of ethanol to stimulate GABA/barbiturate receptor-mediated Cl- transport may explain many of its pharmacological properties and provides a mechanism for the common psychopharmacological actions of ethanol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The permeability of gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channels is described by the binding of a "cage" convulsant, t-butylbicyclophosphoro[35S]thionate.

The "cage" convulsant t-butylbicyclophosphoro[35S]thionate ([35S]TBPS) binds with high affinity to sites at or near a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel according to current hypothesis. We now report that the potencies of a series of anions in enhancing [35S]TBPS binding correlated highly with their relative permeabilities through GABA-gated chloride channels. Furthermore, statistically significant correlations are obtained between the apparent affinity (Kd) of [35S]TBPS estimated in the presence of these anions and their relative permeabilities through GABA-gated chloride channels. The latter relationships obtained whether the Kd of [35S]TBPS as estimated in rat cerebral cortex was correlated with the relative permeabilities of these anions in either frog dorsal root ganglion cells or primary cultures of mouse spinal cord neurons. These findings strongly suggest that [35S]TBPS binds to GABA-gated chloride channels and that the apparent affinity of this radioligand is directly related to the permeability of these channels. Thus, radioreceptor techniques using [35S]TBPS may provide a simple means of describing permeability characteristics of GABA-gated chloride channels.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of sodium-dependent [3H]GBR-12935 binding in brain: a radioligand for selective labelling of the dopamine transport complex.

High-affinity and saturable binding sites for the diphenyl-substituted piperazine derivative [3H]GBR-12935 have been characterized in crude synaptosomal membranes prepared from rat brain. The specific binding of [3H]GBR-12935 is sodium-dependent and is unevenly distributed among various brain regions, with the highest concentration of binding sites being found in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens. Sodium-dependent [3H]GBR-12935 binding in all other brain areas was 10% or less of the binding found in the striatum. The affinity of [3H]GBR-12935 for binding sites in the striatum is increased in the presence of Na+ but other cations, including K+, Ca2+, or Mg2+, inhibit specific binding. There is an excellent correlation (r = 0.96, p less than 0.01) between the potencies of a series of drugs in inhibiting [3H]GBR-12935 binding to striatal membranes and their potencies in inhibiting [3H]3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine ([3H]dopamine) uptake in synaptosomes. Agonists and antagonists of other neurotransmitter receptor or drug recognition sites have little or no effect on specific [3H]GBR-12935 binding to striatal membranes. In addition, prior intracerebroventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine results in a decrease in the number of specific [3H]GBR-12935 binding sites in the striatum. These data indicate that [3H]GBR-12935 is a selective radioligand of the presynaptic dopamine transport complex in brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Subcellular localization of "peripheral-type" binding sites for benzodiazepines in rat brain.

The binding of [3H]Ro 5-4864, a specific ligand for "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine binding sites and [3H]Ro 15-1788, a specific ligand for the central benzodiazepine receptors, was determined in subcellular fractions of rat brain. As previously reported, the highest levels of "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine binding sites and benzodiazepine receptors were found in the crude P1 and P2 fractions, respectively. Purification of these crude fractions revealed that high levels of both [3H]Ro 5-4864 and [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding were present in the mitochondrial and synaptosomal fractions. In contrast, the purified nuclei and myelin contained low levels of both [3H]Ro 5-4864 and [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Differential sensitivity of "central" and "peripheral" type benzodiazepine receptors to phospholipase A2.

The effects of preincubating cerebral cortical membranes with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were examined on radioligand binding to benzodiazepine receptors of the "central" and "peripheral" types. PLA2 (0.005-0.1 U/ml) increased [3H]flunitrazepam and [3H]3-carboethoxy-beta-carboline binding by increasing the apparent affinities of these ligands with no concomitant change in the maximum number of binding sites. In contrast, neither gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enhanced [3H]flunitrazepam binding nor [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding was altered by preincubation with PLA2 at concentrations as high as 2 U/ml. Both pyrazolopyridine (SQ 65,396)- and barbiturate (pentobarbital)-enhanced [3H]flunitrazepam binding and [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding were markedly reduced by as little as 0.0025-0.005 U/ml of PLA2. These findings suggest that PLA2 inactivates the TBPS binding site on the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor chloride ionophore complex, which results in a selective loss of allosteric "regulation" between the components of this complex. PLA2 also reduced the apparent affinity of [3H]Ro 5-4864 to peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in cerebral cortical, heart, and kidney membranes, but increased the number of [3H]PK 11195 binding sites with no change in apparent affinity. These data demonstrate that PLA2 can differentially affect the lipid microenvironment of "central" and "peripheral" types of benzodiazepine receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Novel interactions of cations with dihydropyridine calcium antagonist binding sites in brain.

The effects of monovalent (Na+, Li+, K+, Rb+) and divalent (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) cations on dihydropyridine calcium antagonist binding sites in brain and cardiac membranes were investigated using a low ionic strength buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4), and the dihydropyridine, [3H]-nitrendipine. At 25 degrees C, the monovalent cations Na+, Li+, and K+ (100 mM) but not Rb+ significantly decreased the apparent dissociation constant (KD) but had no effect on the maximum binding site capacity (Bmax) of [3H]-nitrendipine in brain. The divalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ (2 mM) significantly increased the Bmax, but did not affect the KD of [3H]-nitrendipine. The effects of cations were concentration-dependent (EC50 monovalent cations 10-25 mM; EC50 divalent cations 50-200 microM) and demonstrated brain region selectivity. The effect of Ca2+, but not Mg2+ or Mn2+ on [3H]-nitrendipine binding was described by a two-site model. At 25 degrees C, neither mono- nor divalent cations altered the characteristics of [3H]-nitrendipine binding to rat cardiac membranes. At 37 degrees C, Na+ (100 mM) but not K+ (100 mM) significantly increased the Bmax of [3H]-nitrendipine in rat brain membranes. Ca2+ (2 mM) significantly increased the Bmax of [3H]-nitrendipine binding to rat brain membranes to a greater extent than at 25 degrees C. Both Na+ and K+ had no effect on [3H]-nitrendipine binding to cardiac membranes, while Ca2+ (2 mM) significantly decreased the KD of [3H]-nitrendipine. It is suggested that the selective effects of mono- and divalent cations on [3H]-nitrendipine binding to rat brain and cardiac membranes may be associated with differences in the calcium current blocking activity of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists in brain and cardiac tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Behavioral studies with anxiolytic drugs. III. Antipunishment actions of buspirone in the pigeon do not involve benzodiazepine receptor mechanisms.

Buspirone, a clinically effective anxiolytic, has not shown robust effects consistently in procedures used traditionally with rodents and nonhuman primates to evaluate potential antianxiety activity. When key pecking by pigeons was maintained by food and was punished alternately under one component of a multiple schedule by the presentation of electric shock (conflict procedure), buspirone (0.03-10.0 mg/kg i.m.) produced increases in punished responding that were up to 30 times those of the control response rate. These doses did not affect or decreased unpunished responding. A buspirone analog, MJ 13805 (gepirone) produced effects similar to buspirone, although unpunished responding was slightly more sensitive to the rate-decreasing effects of MJ 13805 than to those of buspirone. A metabolite of buspirone, 1-pyrimidinyl piperazine (1-PP; MJ 13653), did not affect key pecking across a wide dose range (0.01-3.0 mg/kg i.m.), although slight decreases in both punished and unpunished responding occurred at the highest dose. Increases in punished responding with buspirone were not affected by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 (0.01-0.1 mg/kg i.m.). [3H]Diazepam binding to pigeon cerebrum or cerebellum in vivo was not altered by buspirone, or did buspirone, MJ 13805, or 1-pyrimidinyl piperazine displace [3H]flunitrazepam binding in vitro at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. These findings confirm previous work demonstrating marked rate-increasing effects of buspirone on punished responding in the pigeon, extend such effects to the buspirone analog MJ 13805 and indicate that the effects of buspirone are not mediated through the benzodiazepine receptor complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Acute, stress-induced changes in the benzodiazepine/gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor complex are confined to the chloride ionophore.

Rapid and robust changes in the chloride ionophore component of the benzodiazepine/gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor complex ("supramolecular complex") were observed in the central nervous system of rats exposed to a brief, ambient temperature swim stress. Stress-induced modification of the chloride ionophore was manifest as an increase in the efficacy of halides (Cl-, Br- and I-) to enhance [3H]flunitrazepam binding. In contrast, neither gamma-aminobutyric acid-enhanced [3H]flunitrazepam binding nor [3H] flunitrazepam binding assayed in the absence of halide ions was altered by stress. Furthermore, the number of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding sites and the apparent affinity of this radioligand were increased as a result of stress, as was the ability of Cl- and low concentrations of muscimol to increase the binding of this radioligand. These changes could represent the physiological attempt of an organism to compensate for stressful changes in the environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

AHN 086: an irreversible ligand of "peripheral" benzodiazepine receptors.

AHN 086, a derivative of 4'-chlorodiazepam (Ro 5-4864) containing an isothiocyanate moiety, binds irreversibly to "peripheral" benzodiazepine receptors in the kidney with an IC50 of approximately 1.3 nM. Using standard incubation conditions (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 0 degrees), AHN 086 reacted rapidly with "peripheral" benzodiazepine receptors, whereas a time-dependent inhibition of [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding by AHN 086 could be demonstrated by decreasing the pH of the reaction mixture, suggesting the presence of a histidine residue at or near the locus at which AHN 086 reacts. At concentrations up to 1 microM, AHN 086 did not inhibit [3H]flunitrazepam binding to "central-type" benzodiazepine receptors. Thus, AHN 086 appears to be a specific, high affinity, irreversible ligand of "peripheral" benzodiazepine receptors.

Alkylation↗
PubMed1985

An anxiogenic benzodiazepine receptor ligand induces learned helplessness.

Rats treated with the anxiogenic beta-carboline, N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142), failed to acquire an escape response 24 h after treatment. Administration of FG-7142 resulted in a behavioral effect equivalent to a session of inescapable tailshock in this paradigm of learned helplessness. Pretreatment of rats with the selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro15-1788 blocked the development of learned helplessness elicited by FG-7142. These findings suggest that 'anxiety' may be a major factor in the development of learned helplessness.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Late evolutionary appearance of 'peripheral-type' binding sites for benzodiazepines.

Four classes of non-mammalian vertebrates were examined for the presence of both 'brain-specific' and 'peripheral-type' binding sites for benzodiazepines in the central nervous system. 'Brain-specific' binding sites for benzodiazepines were found in the central nervous systems of all non-mammalian vertebrates studied. However, in contrast to mammals, either very low or undetectable levels of 'peripheral-type' binding sites for benzodiazepines were observed in the central nervous systems of these non-mammalian vertebrates. Furthermore, the density of 'peripheral-type' binding sites for benzodiazepines in non-mammalian vertebrate heart was less than or equal to 2% of that found in mammalian cardiac tissue. These findings suggest a very late evolutionary appearance of 'peripheral-type' binding sites for benzodiazepines, implying that these sites may have (a) highly specialized function(s) in both peripheral tissues and the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Pharmacological and neurochemical properties of 1,4-diazepines with two annelated heterocycles ('hetrazepines').

1,4-Diazepines with two annelated heterocycles ('hetrazepines') such as brotizolam (WE 941), WE 973 and WE 1008 bind with high affinities to benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system. Brotizolam has a pharmacologic spectrum of action similar to clinically useful benzodiazepines, while the closely related derivatives WE 973 and WE 1008 appear to lack hypnotic action. Unlike other benzodiazepine receptor ligands which share common pharmacologic properties with the benzodiazepines, the apparent affinities of WE 973 and WE 1008 are not increased significantly in the presence of GABA, even at an elevated incubation temperature. Furthermore, the apparent affinities of these compounds do not appear to be reduced as a result of increasing the incubation temperature. Brotizolam, like the benzodiazepines, facilitates GABAergic transmission in zona recitulata neurons of the substantia nigra. In contrast, at a dose which inhibits cell firing, WE 973 does not appear to significantly augment the inhibitory action of GABA in these cells. These observations suggest that the so-called 'GABA shift' may not be a valid means of distinguishing benzodiazepine-like compounds in vitro. Furthermore, these data suggest that facilitation of GABAergic transmission may be necessary for the hypnotic action of benzodiazepine receptor ligands, but not for the anticonflict or the anticonvulsant actions of such compounds.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1985

The effects of surgical and chemical lesions on striatal [3H]threo-(+/-)-methylphenidate binding: correlation with [3H]dopamine uptake.

The specific binding of [3H]threo-(+/-)-methylphenidate to membranes prepared from rat striatum was significantly reduced following either surgical lesions of the medial forebrain bundle or intracerebroventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. The decrease in the density of [3H]threo-(+/-)-methylphenidate binding sites in striatum following chemical or surgical denervation was highly correlated with the decrease in [3H]dopamine uptake. In contrast, intracerebroventricular administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, AF64A, or chronic parenteral administration of reserpine did not alter either the number of apparent affinity of [3H]threo-(+/-)-methylphenidate binding sites. These data suggest that the specific binding sites for [3H]-threo-(+/-)-methylphenidate in striatum are localized to dopaminergic nerve terminals, and may be associated with the dopamine transport complex.

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMed1985

Are the toxicities of pentobarbital and ethanol mediated by the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-chloride ionophore complex?

Both barbiturates and ethanol have been reported to interact with the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-chloride ionophore 'supramolecular complex'. These observations raise the possibility that some of the pharmacologic actions of barbiturates and ethanol may be mediated through this complex. In this study we have administered a series of drugs which bind to various components of the complex in an attempt to antagonize the lethality of sodium pentobarbital, and ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex in mice. It was found that isopropylbicyclophosphate (IPPO), a cage convulsant which binds at or near the chloride ionophore, greatly reduces the overall mortality (and increases latency to death) of animals pretreated with a lethal dose of pentobarbital. Picrotoxin also decreases pentobarbital lethality, but only at doses which were usually lethal when given alone. Picrotoxin shortened, rather than increased, latency to death. Strychnine did not prevent pentobarbital lethality, suggesting that the IPPO effect is not shared by convulsants in general. IPPO did not prevent ketamine-induced deaths, which supports the notion that the protective actions of IPPO are specific for depressant drugs which act at the chloride ionophore. IPPO also significantly reduced the duration of loss of righting reflex induced by ethanol. These observations suggest that the use of compounds which have a high affinity for the chloride ionophore in vitro might be fruitful in developing a clinical treatment for barbiturate or ethanol toxicity.

Animals↗