[Prognosis of severe head injuries].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
P Sipponen
Publications and source records attributed to P Sipponen.
Electrical stimulation of the thalamic and subthalamic area in cerebral palsy.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
Impedance and phase angle as a locating method in human stereotaxic surgery.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
The Sydney System: epidemiology and natural history of chronic gastritis.
Chronic gastritis is a common disease which forms an important background to the pathogenesis of several gastric diseases. In most instances, gastritis seems to be a bacterial (microbial) disease. It begins as long-lasting, chronic inflammatory reaction directed against Helicobacter pylori (HP), or occasionally against other spiral bacteria, which colonize in the space between the surface epithelium and the mucous layer. Gastritis may, irrespectively of the HP-related or HP-independent origin, progress to an atrophy (chronic gastritis with atrophy) in the underlying mucosa. Prevalence of gastritis increases with increase in age, but great variations exist in the age-specific prevalence and in mean age of onset of the gastritis in different populations. A high rate and an early onset of the HP-related gastritis associates with low socio-economic status. Chronic gastritis, and the gastritis with atrophy in particular, may interfere with the function of the affected gastric mucosa, and may subsequently increase or decrease the risk of some gastric diseases, such as cancer and peptic ulcer. Both antral and corpus gastritis with coexistent severe atrophic changes have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. In addition, gastritis seems to also play an important role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. Virtually all patients with DU and GU have coexisting and preceding gastritis. The cumulative risk of ulcer has been estimated to be high in subjects with gastritis, but, in contrast, to be low in subjects who have normal gastric mucosa.
Adolescent↗
Gastric carcinoma in young adults.
Approximately 10% of gastric cancer cases are found in patients younger than 41 years old. Symptoms of gastric carcinoma are not different from those in the elderly, but because of its relatively uncommon presentation in the young age group, the diagnosis may be delayed. Most of the gastric cancer cases are of diffuse type, and are associated with superficial gastritis. No association is found with intestinal metaplasia. Some gastric cancer cases may, however, develop into histologically normal stomachs. Approximately 10% of young gastric cancer patients have positive family history. In practice, the treatment of gastric cancer is not different between age groups. The same kind of survival is also seen between the age groups after operation if the same tumor stages are compared.
Adult↗
Helicobacter pylori, chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer.
H. pylori infection is strongly associated with chronic gastritis and is probably the main course of chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa. Acquisition of the infection will lead to gastritis and the eradication of the bacterium results in healing and final cure of the gastritis. Chronic gastritis and H. pylori infection may occur in antrum and/or corpus, and will gradually result in atrophy of the underlying mucosa in a great number of affected persons. Correspondingly, impairments in several important functions of the gastric mucosa are consequences of the atrophy and inflammation. Hp infection and gastritis associate with important gastroduodenal diseases, such as peptic ulcer diseases and gastric cancer. There are reasons to suggest that the infection and subsequent gastritis precede these diseases, and that they are important risk factors for both disorders. In fact, peptic ulcer can be seen a late frequent complication of an H. pylori infection. In addition, the type and grade of gastritis can be used in prediction of the ulcer risk if adequate biopsy specimens are available for microscopy from both antrum and corpus mucosa (Table II). An association between chronic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is strong. Clearly more than 80% of cases with chronic gastritis are related to coexistent Hp infection. Furthermore, both Hp and gastritis are extremely common in patients with peptic ulcer supporting the view that they are causally related to the ulcer disease. Correspondingly, similar suggestions may also be presented about the links between Hp and gastritis in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chronic Disease↗
Helicobacter pylori and gastric premalignant conditions.
A hypothetical sequence occurs in the stomach from H. pylori infection to premalignant conditions. This sequence is characterized by several well documented steps. First, the H. pylori infection seems to be the main course of chronic gastritis, and is seen to be associated with gastritis at least in 80% of the cases. Second, chronic gastritis tends to slowly progress to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of the underlying mucosa in a great proportion of affected subjects, this progression of chronic gastritis to atrophy being, however, multifactorial in nature, and being obviously affected also by factors other than the H. pylori. Third, there occurs an increased risk of gastric cancer in atrophic stomach (atrophic gastritis) with intestinal metaplasia, this risk being dependent upon the extend and grade of atrophic and metaplastic alterations in the stomach. Thus, it can be suggested that the H. pylori infection may trigger a sequence which will finally result in a development of conditions that favour the cancer formation. Recent epidemiological observations support this view: gastric cancer tends to be common in populations in which the H. pylori infection and the gastritis are common and in which the people will be commonly infected already in childhood, or in young age.
Chronic Disease↗
Risk of gastroduodenal ulcer in gastritis.
The present evidence suggests that chronic gastritis is strongly associated with peptic ulcer disease. Gastritis, particularly in antrum, is nearly invariably present in patients with peptic ulcer. Gastritis is a progressive disease which begins as a superficial inflammation and progresses to atrophic gastritis. Gastritis can be considered to lower resistance of the gastric mucous membrane but it may also affect secretion of acid and pepsins from oxyntic mucosa. The presence or absence of gastritis, and its involvement in antral and/or body mucosa, can be considered to reflect the risk and probability of a person to contract peptic ulcer. Estimations of the risks of coexistent peptic ulcer in different types and grades of gastritis suggest that the relative risk (RR) of coexistent peptic ulcer disease is markedly increased in the presence of gastritis in general (RR = 7-10), as compared to patients who have a normal, non-gastritic stomach (RR = 1). This risk is particularly high in patients with gastritis of B type (atrophic gastritis is in antrum but body mucosa is non-atrophic) in whom the coexistent peptic ulcer is 20-30 times more common (RR = 20-30) than in patients who have normal stomach. On the other hand, the risk of peptic ulcer disease is low in patients who show marked atrophic alterations in the gastric body mucosa (A or AB types of gastritis), the risk being in these patients even lower (RR below 1) than that in patients with normal, non-gastritic stomach.
Gastritis↗
CEA and CEA-like activity in gastric cancer.
CEA activity was studied using a three-layer bridge immunoperoxidase method in paraffin-embedded histological sections of gastric mucosa from patients with gastric cancer and from normal asymptomatic subjects. In all cases gastric cancer cells showed CEA or CEA-like activity irrespective of the histological type of cancer. The activity was located mainly in cellular membranes, on the brush border or in apical parts of the cell cytoplasm. CEA activity could not be demonstrated in mucosa specimens from normal controls. These results indicate that the appearance of CEA or CEA-like substances is regularly associated with the malignant transformation of epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Copper deposits in fine needle aspiration biopsies in primary biliary cirrhosis.
The occurrence of copper deposits in liver cells obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy from the livers of 21 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) was studied. Eight (38%) of these 21 patients showed perinuclear rubeanic-acid-positive deposits in fine needle specimens which were alcohol fixed and prepared using a filter technique. The density and frequency of the deposits increased with increasing liver copper concentration. The study suggested that hepatic copper deposits in advanced chronic cholestatic liver diseases such as PBC can easily be demonstrated by the simple and safe fine needle aspiration liver biopsy technique.
Biopsy, Needle↗