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Biomedical subjects

P Shaw

Publications and source records attributed to P Shaw.

176 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

A study of social problems in a group of young women treated with brief psychotherapy.

This paper reports on a series of young women with social problems treated with brief psychotherapy in a NHS setting and fulfilling difinite selection criteria. It is suggested that we have paid more attention to the role of the mother infancy and have tended to neglect the influence of the father. While we have studied emotional change in the growing child we have not perhaps made sufficient allowance for changes in parents. This study examines the role of the father in his daughter's adolescence. Awareness of this factor in the clinical setting might help to shorten the course of psychotherapy in appropriate cases. Sociologically it is relevant to our views on parenthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cross-population analysis of the growth of long bones and the os coxae of three Early Medieval Austrian populations.

Inter-population variability in long-bone and pelvic-bone growth during the Early Medieval period is examined. The materials comprise four archaeological populations: two Slavonic (Gars-Thunau, Zwentendorf, Austria, 10th-century AD), one Avar (Zwölfaxing, Austria, 8th-century AD), and one Anglo-Saxon (Raunds, England, 10th-century AD). Bone measurements are analyzed against dental age estimates in order to assess inter-population differences in growth rates for long-bone and os coxae bone dimensions. Growth curves of the upper and lower extremities of additional archaeological populations and a modern North-American population are also assessed. The expectation was that the greatest differences in growth patterns would be found between the Anglo-Saxon and the Austrian samples, due to their distinct genetic and biocultural background. Minimal differences were expected between the two Slavonic populations, as these were approximately contemporaneous, recovered from geographically close locations, and shared relatively similar archaeological contexts. Growth curves were estimated for each bone dimension by fitting least-squares fourth-order polynomials (which allowed testing of population differences by analysis of covariance), and iteratively estimating Gompertz growth curves. The results showed differences between bones in the extent of inter-population variability, with diaphyseal long-bone growth showing equivalent patterns across the four populations, but significant differences between populations in the growth patterns of distal diaphyseal dimensions of the femur and humerus and the dimensions of the ilium. Varying growth patterns are therefore associated with inter-population differences in absolute dimensions in relation to age as well as variations in growth velocities. Inter-population variability in growth curves in the case of femoral and humeral dimensions were most pronounced during infancy (0-2 years). The most consistent differences in bone growth and related dimensions are between Zwölfaxing and the other samples. No significant differences in growth were detected between the Anglo-Saxon and the Austrian populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Insulin deficiency is a specific stimulus to hypothalamic neuropeptide Y: a comparison of the effects of insulin replacement and food restriction in streptozocin-diabetic rats.

Untreated insulin-deficient diabetes causes hyperphagia and neuroendocrine disturbances that may be partly mediated by increased hypothalamic activity of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a potent central appetite stimulant. The metabolic signal that stimulates hypothalamic NPY is unknown. This study aimed to determine whether insulin deficiency or hyperglycemia was responsible. Regional hypothalamic NPY concentrations were compared in streptozocin-diabetic (STZ-D) rats rendered nearly normoglycemic by either insulin replacement or food restriction. Untreated STZ-D rats were hyperphagic and showed significantly increased (p less than 0.01) hypothalamic NPY concentrations in the arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area. Once-daily ultralente insulin injections corrected hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, abolished hyperphagia, and normalized NPY concentrations in all hypothalamic regions. By contrast, food restriction effectively lowered glycemia without raising insulin levels. In these underfed diabetic rats, NPY concentrations rose further and were significantly higher than nondiabetic and untreated diabetic levels in most hypothalamic regions. We conclude that insulin deficiency is a major stimulus to hypothalamic NPY in STZ-D, whereas hyperglycemia may exert an inhibitory influence. These findings support the hypothesis that hypothalamic NPY responds to specific metabolic cues and is involved in regulating energy balance and conserving body weight.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morbidity, rickets and long-bone growth in post-medieval Britain--a cross-population analysis.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency rickets is associated with skeletal deformities including swollen rib junctions, bowing of the legs, and the flaring and fraying of the wrist and long-bone metaphyses. There is, however, scarce information on the direct effect of rickets on skeletal growth in either present or past populations. AIM: The study investigated the effect of vitamin D deficiency rickets on long-bone growth in two post-medieval skeletal populations from East London (Broadgate and Christ Church Spitalfields). Subsequently, inter-population growth variations in relation to non-specific environmental stress (dental enamel defects), industrialization, urbanization and socio-economic status during infancy (birth to 3 years) and early childhood (3-7 years) were examined. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data on long-bone diaphyseal length dimensions and stress indicators of 234 subadults from Anglo-Saxon, late medieval and post-medieval archaeological skeletal samples were analysed using both linear and non-linear growth models. RESULTS: Rickets had no effect on the growth curves for any of the long bones studied. However, pronounced variations in growth between the four populations were noted, mainly during infancy. The diaphyseal length of long bones of Broadgate were significantly smaller-per-age than those of Spitalfields and the other samples up to the age of 4 years, and were associated with a high prevalence of enamel defects during early infancy. CONCLUSION: Socio-economic status, rather than urbanization, industrialization or rickets, was the central factor behind the observed differences in growth among the post-medieval populations. The observed inter-population growth variations were only significant during infancy.

Bone Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hemodynamic assessment in managing the critically ill: is physician confidence warranted?

Prior to right-heart catheterization of 846 patients, 198 study physicians estimated values of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (WP), cardiac index (Cl), and systemic vascular resistance index (VRI). The physicians also expressed their confidence in these estimates. Actual values of WP, Cl, and VRI as determined by catheterization enabled the authors to evaluate the quality of the physicians' judgments. The discrimination of the judgments was modest; areas under the ROC curves for WP, Cl, and VRI were 0.724, 0.681, and 0.656, respectively. Calculated using clinically relevant cutoff values, sensitivities were 64%, 50%, and 64%, and specificities were 71%, 75%, and 63%, respectively. Calibration of the estimates of WP, Cl, and VRI was also modest; physicians tended to overestimate low values and underestimate high values. Physicians were generally confident of their estimates, but there was no relation between confidence and accuracy. Experienced physicians were no more accurate than less experienced ones, although they were significantly more confident. The authors conclude that physicians should not use their levels of confidence in their subjective estimates of cardiac function in deciding whether to base therapy on these estimates.

Cardiac Catheterization↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular biology of colon cancer (review).

In recent years molecular biology has been applied to the study of colonic carcinoma, both in the human and in the experimental animal. The data obtained have enriched our understanding of colonic carcinogenesis and are of potential interest for cancer diagnosis and prevention. In this paper we review part of the available literature on the molecular characterisation of colon tumors, with emphasis on the issues of clonality, in vitro cell lines, tumor progression and heredity of colon cancer.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radiology of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a considerable health problem throughout the world, and has increased in incidence over the past 10 years. This article reviews the typical radiographical findings in post-primary TB and reactivation, and describes the less common manifestations of the disease in nonimmuno-compromised and immuno-compromised individuals. Indications for plain radiography, computed tomography and high-resolution computed tomography are also discussed.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗