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P Saliou

Publications and source records attributed to P Saliou.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Coverage rates of influenza vaccination in France: a population-based cross-sectional analysis of seasons 2001-2002 and 2002-2003].

INTRODUCTION: Influenza is a serious health problem in Europe. Vaccination is the only preventive measure, reducing mortality and morbidity of influenza in all age groups. OBJECTIVES: The authors had for aim to assess influenza vaccination coverage during two seasons in France, to understand the incentives and barriers to vaccination and to determine vaccination intentions for the following winter. METHODS: A random-sampling, mail-based household survey was made among non-institutionalised individuals aged 15 and over. The surveys for 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 used the same questionnaire and were subsequently pooled. Three target groups were determined for analysis: (1) persons aged 65 and over; (2) people working in the medical field and (3) persons aged 65 and over or working in the medical field. RESULTS: Influenza vaccination coverage in France decreased from 23.0% in 2001-2002 to 22.4% in 2002-2003. Most frequent reasons for being vaccinated were advice from the family doctor (50.8%), influenza considered as a serious illness (45.3%) and free vaccine (44.1%). Reasons for not being vaccinated mentioned by people who had never been vaccinated were young age (27.0%), not considering vaccination (18.9%), and not expecting to catch influenza (13.9%). CONCLUSION: Vaccination coverage decreased during the 2002-2003 season in comparison to the 2001-2002 season. The family doctor is the most important source of encouragement for people to be vaccinated against influenza. We therefore suggest that family doctors be better informed on influenza vaccine and the disease itself, so that they can actively inform their patients on these topics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A comparative approach to the French medical missions in Brazil and in sub-Saharan Africa before the Second World War.

Franco-Brazilian cooperation in the field of microbiology and tropical diseases dates back to the onset of those disciplines. Physicians were sent over by France, namely Marchoux, Simond and Salimbeni from 1901 to 1905 to study yellow fever, and Emile Brumpt from 1913 to 1914 to teach parasitology. These missions brought in some important results. After confirming that the yellow fever agent was a filterable virus and that Stegomya (Aedes) its only vector, Simond and Marchoux clarified the biology of the mosquito and showed that sexual transmission of the virus could occur. They also set up different measures for the control of yellow fever outbreaks which Oswaldo Cruz was inspired by for his campaign against yellow fever. Emile Brumpt implemented the teaching of parasitology at the Faculty of Medicine in São Paulo and contributed to human American trypanosomiasis by defining the transmission of the disease and the cycle of the parasite responsible for it. He also developed the technique known as xenodiagnosis. Simond and Marchoux's works on yellow fever found an immediate application in French colonies, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the fight against large African endemics such as sleeping sickness, the other human trypanosomiases, could not have been carried out successfully without the contribution of mobile teams following Eugène Jamot's initiative in addition to the permanent centres which characterized the French colonial system.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2003

Sero-epidemiology of mumps in western Europe.

Six countries (Denmark, England and Wales, France, Germany, Italy and The Netherlands) conducted large serological surveys for mumps, in the mid-1990s, as part of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN). The assay results were standardized and related to the schedules and coverage of the immunization programmes and the reported incidence of mumps. Low incidence of disease and few susceptibles amongst adolescents and young adults was observed in countries with high mumps vaccine coverage (e.g. The Netherlands). High disease incidence and large proportions of mumps virus antibody negative samples in adolescent and young adult age groups was noted in countries with poor vaccine coverage (e.g. Italy). The build-up of susceptibles in older children and adolescents in England and Wales, France, the former West Germany and Italy indicate the possibility of further mumps outbreaks in secondary school environments. To control mumps in western Europe, current MMR immunization programmes will need to be strengthened in a number of countries. Sero-surveillance of mumps is an important component of disease control and its usefulness will be enhanced by the development of an international mumps standard.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Immune response to a diphtheria and tetanus toxoid administration in a three-dose diphtheria tetanus whole-cell pertussis/enhanced inactivated poliovirus vaccination schedule: a 7-year follow up.

The immune response to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid components of a combined diphtheria tetanus whole-cell pertussis/enhanced inactivated poliovirus (DTwP/eIPV) vaccine, administered in a three-dose schedule to infants at 2, 3 1/2 and 10 months of age and followed by a booster at the age of 8 years, was compared with the immune profile of a group of children at the same ages given the customary DTwP vaccine schedule at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months of age and a booster at the age of 8. Diphtheria- and tetanus-antitoxin titers were measured in parallel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). After the reinforcing dose given at 10 months of age, diphtheria antitoxin concentrations of > or = 0.01 IU/ml were found in 100% of infants in the study group, 91.7% of whom reached a titer of > or = 0.1 IU/ml and a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 0.40 and 0.93 IU/ml in ELISA and RIA, respectively. At 3 and 6 years of age, diphtheria antitoxin values of > or = 0.01 IU/ml were detected in 100 and 94% of children with GMT of 0.043 and 0.024 IU/ml, respectively. Seropositivity and GMT values indicative of protection were measured by both ELISA and RIA after the booster at the age of 8 years. Similar results were found in the control group, although the GMT tended to be higher. A good correlation between results obtained by ELISA vs. RIA was evident throughout. Priming at 2 and 3 1/2 months with diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin, as a component of a DTwP program, and reinforcing 6 months later induced an immune response indicative of protection against the diseases, which persisted up to the age of the booster recommended at school entry.

Child↗
PubMed2002

A critical review of control strategies against meningococcal meningitis epidemics in sub-Saharan African countries.

The control strategy of meningitis epidemics in sub-Saharan countries, although reexamined regularly, is based on epidemiological, immunological and logistical considerations put forward at the end of the 1970s. It comprises organizing large-scale vaccinations in the event of a declared epidemic. The obvious failure of this strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) necessitates evaluation of the emergency vaccination criteria. Despite current controversy on the immunogenicity of the polysaccharide vaccine, its safety, effectiveness in the field and low cost could justify the reopening of a debate on its use in routine vaccination. Routine--or preventive--vaccination could significantly reduce the incidence of meningococcal meningitis and its severity. The conjugate vaccine, when available, will constitute an additional advantage in the prevention of meningococcal meningitis. A strategy combining both polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines according to the population targets and possibilities for funding remain to be defined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Efficacy and tolerance of vaccinations in premature infants].

Immunization may prevent an enhanced risk of infectious diseases, providing that it is completed on time. A review of the literature summarizes several studies on effectiveness, safety and duration of protection in preterm infants. Immune maturation depends on chronological age rather than gestational age. Then immunization against diphteria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis-Haemophilus influenzae b should be initiated at 2 months of age and completed prior than 6 months. The youngest preterm infants, still hospitalized at 8 weeks of age should be monitored following the first immunization as they may develop apnea episodes, probably linked with the pertussis component of the vaccine. In premature, BCG vaccination induces a delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin less important than in full-term neonates, and should not be given right after birth in newborns less than 33 weeks of gestational age. Hepatitis B vaccination should be offered as soon as two months of age and even at birth to children born from HBs Ag carriers. Neither duration of immunity, nor safety are modified by prematurity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

[Critical review of control strategies for meningococcal meningitis epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa].

Strategies for controlling meningitis epidemics in Sub-Saharan countries, although regularly re-examined, are based on epidemiological, immunological and logistical considerations dating from the 1970s. The strategy recommended by WHO consists in organising large-scale vaccinations in the event of declared epidemic. However, the obvious failure of this strategy has meant that a review and evaluation of the emergency vaccination criteria is necessary. In spite of the current controversy regarding the immunogenicity of the polysaccharide vaccine, its safety, effectiveness in the field and low cost should justify the renewal of a debate on its use in routine vaccination. Routine--or preventive--vaccination could significantly reduce the incidence of meningococcal meningitis as well as its severity. The conjugate vaccine, when available, will constitute an additional advantage in the prevention of meningococcal meningitis. The organisation of a strategy combining both polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines according to the population targets and possibilities of funding remains to be defined.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed2002

[Which vaccination strategies for African meningococcal meningitis?].

In 1963, Lapeyssonnie published a masterful description of the epidemiology of cerebrospinal meningococcal meningitis in the Sahel region of Africa (essentially due to the Neisseria meningitidis sero-group A): geographic spread (meningitis belt), seasonal cycle (dry and cool season). When a combined polyosidic AC vaccine became available in the early 1970s, a disease control strategy was defined along the lines of epidemiological surveillance, prophylaxis of lethality by early treatment of cases and reactive vaccination, since the polyosidic vaccine could not be included in the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). Despite some success, this strategy has not led to the control of cerebrospinal meningococcal meningitis in Africa. Amongst the obstacles encountered are the difficulty to define at what point an out-break becomes an epidemic, gaps in epidemiological surveillance, unavailable vaccine doses, delayed and complex vaccination campaigns. At the end of the 1990s, controversy ensued: since reactive vaccination was fraught with so many problems, why not consider a strategy of preventive AC vaccination for high risk areas? But this controversy may well die out with the emergence of the present-day W 135 serogroup responsible for the first large scale epidemic in Burkina Faso in 2002. If this is confirmed, a polyosidic vaCcine containing the W 135 antigen would be required, pending the availability for Africa of a conjugate tetravalent ACYW135 vaccine which could be included in the EPI.

Africa↗
PubMed2001

The seroepidemiology of measles in Western Europe.

The European Regional Office of WHO has targeted measles for elimination from the region in 2007. Large national, age and sex stratified serological surveys of measles antibody were conducted in seven Western European countries from 1994-8 as part of the European Seroepidemiology Network. Three patterns were observed in the country-specific measles seroprofiles, ranging from (very) low susceptibility (four countries) to high susceptibility (one country). Susceptibility levels amongst 2-4-year-olds ranged from 2.9 to 29.8%, in 5-9-year-olds from 2.5 to 25% and 10-19-year-olds from 2.1% to 13.9%. A country's susceptibility profile was highly associated with vaccine coverage for the first dose. First dose coverage ranged from 91 to 97.5% for low susceptibility countries, 75 to 85% for intermediate susceptibility countries and 55% for the high susceptibility country. Only the high susceptibility country still reports epidemic measles. In low susceptibility countries, which have achieved or are very close to measles elimination, the priority will be to maintain high MMR vaccine coverage in all geopolitical units for both vaccine doses. In moderate susceptibility countries there is still some endemic transmission, but also risk of outbreaks as pools of susceptibles accumulate. In the high susceptibility country the priority will be to increase infant vaccine coverage and reduce regional variation in coverage levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The efficacy of whole cell pertussis immunisation: collected data on a vaccine produced in France.

The place of whole cell pertussis vaccines in paediatric immunisation schedules is under re-evaluation by public health authorities in many countries, with the expectation that the newly licensed acellular Bordetella pertussis vaccines will induce fewer adverse events while providing equivalent efficacy. In France, for instance, the CSHPF (Conseil supérieur d'hygiène public de France) recently modified its long-standing recommendation that French children only receive whole cell pertussis vaccine. Consequently, an acellular pertussis vaccine may be used for the first booster, at 16-18 months of age, and should be used for the reinforcing dose at 11-13 y of age. French children, nonetheless, continue to receive whole cell pertussis vaccine for the primary series immunisations at 2, 3, and 4 months, as the only whole cell pertussis vaccine available in France (licensed by Aventis Pasteur) has a long-established record of safety and protective efficacy. A review of its unpublished and published clinical results, obtained from studies throughout the world, demonstrates an efficacy of from 84-100% in six different retrospective analyses or outbreak investigations and a protective efficacy of 92% by clinical trial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Evaluation of tolerance to endovesical BCG treatment in France: analysis of severe adverse effects notified in 3 years].

OBJECTIVES: Intravesical BCG therapy remains the first-line prophylactic treatment for recurrences of superficial bladder tumours. However, necessary the safety of this medicinal product, for which a potential risk of complications was demonstrated during development, needs to be evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on spontaneous notifications of adverse events reported according to good pharmacovigilance practice and in the context of a survey conducted jointly with Health Authorities, the authors present an analysis of adverse event notifications received by the manufacturer over a three-year period. A summary of serious adverse events (SAE) was established and hypotheses concerning factors predisposing to these adverse events were discussed. Finally, practice guidelines were formulated. RESULTS: During this period, 97 SAEs were reported spontaneously, including 12 local SAEs, 12 regional SAEs and 73 systemic SAEs. 46 of the 73 systemic SAEs were suspected to be due to BCG infection, 18 were related to immune disorders and the cause of 9 SAEs could not be determined. Several hypotheses are formulated concerning the circumstances leading to the onset of these SAEs and practice guidelines are proposed. CONCLUSION: Pharmacovigilance has allowed a better understanding of the qualitative and quantitative safety of BCG-IT in France. Hypotheses concerning factors predisposing to adverse effects were formulated and practice guidelines were proposed. It is essential to continue this collaboration between practitioners, Health Authorities and the manufacturer to ensure optimal use of this medicinal product.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2000

A TritonX-100-split virion influenza vaccine is safe and fulfills the committee for proprietary medicinal products (CPMP) recommendations for the European Community for Immunogenicity, in Children, Adults and the Elderly.

Influenza epidemics are an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Current recommendations from Health Authorities emphasize annual immunization of people who are particularly at risk from an influenza virus infection; however, vaccination of working adults and of school children also has been shown to provide public health benefits. To give it a more advantageous reactogenicity profile than the diethylether-split influenza vaccines available previously, a split virion influenza vaccine has been produced with TritonX-100. In a series of clinical trials, Aventis Pasteur (formerly, Pasteur Mérieux Connaught) tested both the safety and immunogenicity of this TritonX-100-split virion influenza vaccine in 566 subjects (42 children, 296 adults, and 228 elderly adults) during three influenza seasons (1991, 1993, and 1995). The TritonX-100-split virion vaccine was well tolerated: no serious adverse events were recorded during the 21 days following immunization. Among the local reactions observed, mild pain, redness, or induration at the injection site were the most frequently reported. Fever (38.0 to 38.5 degrees C) was noted in five adults or elderly subjects (1%), and in two children (5%). Immunogenicity was determined by measuring serum haemagglutinin antibody titres specific to each vaccine virus strain. In each of the three vaccination campaigns, the TritonX-100-split virion influenza vaccine fulfilled the Notes for Guidance on Harmonization of Requirements for Influenza Vaccines outlined by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) of the European Community for an influenza virus vaccine (i.e., seroprotection, seroconversion, or increase of geometric mean titre) in all age groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Vaccines and infectious disease.

The exponential growth in vaccine research over the last decade, in which many infectious diseases now appear to be amenable to prevention through immunization, is built upon three factors: first, a richer understanding of the immune response (in particular, cellular immunity), second, a greater finesse in understanding the molecular biology of pathogenicity, and third, an expanding use of genetic engineering techniques either to create micro-organisms of greatly attenuated virulence that may be used as vaccines, or to sequence, and express, potential vaccine antigens. With respect to vaccines composed of purified antigens, parallel work is underway to develop immuno-modulating agents (adjuvants) that will selectively and safely induce the necessary immune response. Finally, within this plethora of vaccine candidates, vaccinologists are devoting much effort to alternatives to immunization via injection, such as administration of a vaccine through the mucosal route (e.g., oral, intranasal, intravaginal, etc.), through the transcutaneous route, and even by expression of vaccine antigens in edible fruits and vegetables.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate, presented in a dual-chamber syringe with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and inactivated poliomyelitis combination vaccine.

The safety and immunogenicity of combining two established vaccines, polyribosyl ribitol phosphate conjugated to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) (ActHIB, Pasteur Mérieux Connaught, Lyon, France) and diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (DTP-IPV) (Tetracoq, Pasteur Mérieux Connaught, Lyon, France) were evaluated using a new dual-chamber syringe delivery system. Results were compared with those obtained when the two combination vaccines were either administered separately (two sites) or reconstituted manually and injected at a single site. A total of 487 2-month-old infants were enrolled in this study by 61 paediatricians in France. Infants were randomised to receive three immunisations of PRP-T and DTP-IPV at 2, 3 and 4 months of age, given either with the dual-chamber syringe (n = 213), as separate injections (n = 215), or as a single manually reconstituted injection (n = 59). Blood samples were taken prior to the first immunisation and 4 weeks after the third immunisation for the measurement of antibody titres. Infants were monitored by the parents for 3 days after each immunisation to detect local and systemic reactions. Local and systemic reactions occurring the 3 days following immmunisation were as expected for the combination vaccines used. Safety of the vaccination using the dual-chamber syringe was as good as, if not slightly better than, that for the two vaccines administered separately. After the first immunisation, pain and unusual crying were significantly more frequent in infants who received two injections, compared to those who were immunised with the dual-chamber syringe. Serological responses were good for all antigens in the three groups and there was no evidence for any immunological interference. Almost all subjects in each group achieved levels of antibodies considered to be protective for all antigens. There were no clinically relevant differences in antibody response between any of the groups. The dual-chamber and separate injection methods of vaccination were equivalent according to a pre-defined criterion (percentage of infants with anti-PRP antibody titres > or =1.0 microg/ml). Results from this study suggest that the two vaccines, PRP-T and DTP-IPV, may be safely and effectively administered in infants using the new dual-chamber syringe. This presentation provides an innovative strategy to combine different vaccines that are not yet available as a single formulation.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1998

[Vaccines inf the prevention of fecal hazards].

In addition to the imperative improvement of hygiene standards, vaccines can also be used for the prevention of diseases transmitted by the feco-oral route. Vaccination is essential to protect against poliomyelitis, the eradication of which is targeted through vaccination campaigns using the live, attenuated vaccine in countries where the disease is still endemic and the inactivated vaccine or a combination of both vaccines (mixed schedule) in countries where the disease is under control. The introduction of a specific routine vaccination program against hepatitis A in endemic countries is now starting to be considered. Travellers to these countries must be protected. Among bacterial diseases, only typhoid fever can be prevented by means of an effective vaccine. The difficulties encountered in improving hygiene standards in numerous countries have prompted the WHO to encourage search for new vaccines for the prevention of the diseases transmitted by the feco-oral route. A vaccine against rotavirus that has just been licensed in the USA should permit the global reduction of a significant number of deaths attributable to these viruses. Vaccine prospects for the prevention of hepatitis E are more distant. Several vaccines against Shigella (injectable polysaccharide conjugate vaccine or oral, live, attenuated vaccines obtained by construction of mutant strains) and enterogenic Escherichia coli (oral, inactivated vaccine containing several strains of ETEC and sub-unit B of the cholera toxin), not to mention candidate vaccines against cholera.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed1997

Clinical immunogenicity and tolerance studies of liquid vaccines delivered by jet-injector and a new single-use cartridge (Imule): comparison with standard syringe injection. Imule Investigators Group.

A new needleless jet-injector, Mini-Imojet, was developed that administers liquid vaccines from a single-use, pre-filled cartridge named Imule, which avoids the risk of cross-contamination. We conducted clinical trials in several settings in France and West Africa to compare the immunogenicity and tolerance of five vaccines (influenza vaccine, Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine, tetanus toxoid vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis vaccine, and inactivated hepatitis A vaccine) administered with the Imule system vs standard syringe technique. In each vaccine study, all subjects of either group were tested for serum antibody titres to calculate the geometrical mean titres and seroconversion rates after complete vaccination. Immediate local-reactions were noted after each injection, and local and general reactions were evaluated during a predetermined period of follow-up. When delivered by the Imule technique, all the administered vaccines were of equivalent or superior immunogenicity, compared to the syringe technique. The tolerance to vaccines injected by the Imule system was acceptable in all studies. The most frequently observed reactions were mild (e.g. minor bleeding, superficial papules, erythema and induration) and could be considered to be inherent to the injection technique. The technical and safety advantages of the Mini-Imojet/Imule system, compared to sterilizable, standard disposable or autodestruct syringes and to classical multi-dose vial jet-injectors, reinforces the interest of this new injection technique for collective immunizations.

Adolescent↗