[Cytology of metastases of breast and ovarian carcinoma].
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
P Pfitzer
Publications and source records attributed to P Pfitzer.
Tetraedric and sand-glass crystals in the urine.
Sand-glass and tetraedric crystals often occur in cytologic evaluations of urinary sediments as a secondary finding. The analyses show inflammation and an increase in protein casts as accompanying changes. The basic diseases are primarily renal but unspecific. The analyses of the crystals by laser-ray-technique (LAMMA-analysis) demonstrate calcium in the positive ionic spectrum in both forms. Differences can be registered in the negative ionic spectrum: sand-glasses and small tetraeders contain considerable amounts of phosphate (PO2- and PO3-), while only the larger tetraedric crystals consist of pure calcium oxalate.
Adult↗
Case of cyclopia with an unbalanced karyotype attributable to a balanced 3/7 translocation.
This report presents a case of cyclopia attributable to an unbalanced karyotype in a family with a balanced, reciprocal 3/7 translocation. This case was the fifth recorded in three generations of this family. From this report it is possible that the simultaneous action of partial trisomy 3p and partial monosomy 7q may be one cause of holoprosencephaly.
Abnormalities, Multiple↗
[Fine needle puncture cytology in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma].
Distant metastases occur in 50% of cases of HCC. Bones are involved in 11% with the spine as the most important localization. In the reported case a tumorous mass in the liver, suspicious for HCC according to clinical and cytological criteria, was proved to be malignant by the cytologic examination of a metastasis to the sacrum.
Aged↗
[Cell differentiation as a factor in cytopathology].
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Aneuploidy↗
[Primary malignant melanomas of the oral mucosa. Pathomorphologic study of 10 cases with analysis of the tumor stage (with reference to skin melanomas)].
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Humans↗
Significance of polyploidy in megakaryocytes and other cells in health and tumor disease.
Polyploidy--the doubling of chromosome sets of cells caused by a stop of mitosis at different levels of the mitotic cycle--is a phenomenon widely observed in plants, protozoa, metazoa, and animals. In man obligate polyploid tissues are found in liver parenchyma, heart muscle cells, and bone marrow megakaryocytes. Polyploidy occurs mostly in stable and highly differentiated cells and tissues. Besides age, stimulation of proliferation and increased metabolic function lead to polyploidization in these organs. Aneuploidy, however, is exclusively found in tumor cells. Megakaryocyte differentiation and polyploidy are controlled by thrombopoietin-like activities, of which the loci of production are still unknown. Megakaryocytes are unique among polyploid mammal cells. On the precursor level they maintain their proliferative activity independently of the mammal's age. Once having entered the incomplete mitotic cycle they stop cytokinesis and develop into highly polyploid cells. Polyploidization of megakaryocytes is the basic requirement for establishing highly effective hemostasis in mammals, which exhibit blood circulation based on high blood pressures. Every polyploidization results in increased production of membrane materials with which the platelet becomes endowed. By shedding cytoplasmic fragments approximately 3000 platelets are set free from a 32c megakaryocyte, compared with only 16 nucleated thrombocytes by mitotic division. There is further evidence that the heterogeneity of platelets mostly depends on the different polyploidy classes of the megakaryocytes from which they are derived. Changes in the polyploidy pattern of megakaryocytes could therefore have consequences for hemostatic disorders in several human diseases, particularly in malignancy.
Humans↗
Peroxidase activity in human alveolar macrophages demonstrated by 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazol as substrate.
Airdried smears of routine sputa, bronchial secretions, and bronchus lavages were incubated to demonstrate peroxidase activity in the alveolar macrophages, with 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazol as substrate. In light microscopic examination two deposition patterns of reaction product could be found: Reaction product only to be found on, resp. in the nuclear membrane; Reaction product deposited in granules throughout the cytoplasm, some cells being totally loaded. However, most of the alveolar macrophages did not show any peroxidase activity. Thus the population of alveolar macrophages comprises resident and exudate forms.
Carbazoles↗
Is lower ploidy of megakaryocytes another reason for uremic thrombocytopathy?
Though it has been generally accepted that uremic serum contains substances which impair platelet function and inhibit erythropoiesis, the mechanism of uremic thrombocytopathy and bleeding tendency is still not clearly understood. By measuring the nuclear DNA content of the megakaryocytes of 20 patients with end-stage renal failure, we demonstrated that ploidy levels correlate with parameters of uremia. High creatinine and BUN levels as well as low hemoglobin or creatinine clearance values correlate with low average ploidy of megakaryocytes. In explaining this phenomenon, uremic inhibition of DNA replication seems to be more important than dialysis or the type of renal disease. As megakaryocytes of higher ploidy are thought to produce more reactive platelets than megakaryocytes of lower DNA content, this could be another reason for uremic thrombocytopathy and bleeding tendency.
Adult↗
Cyclosporin A-altered renal tubular cells in urinary cytology.
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Cyclosporins↗
Mitoses and binucleated cells in perinatal human hearts.
Cells from hardened formalin-fixed human hearts were isolated with potash lye. In perinatal hearts mitoses and evidence of irregular chromosomal movement such as chromatin bridges and micronuclei were observed in small numbers during normal development. A quantitative analysis of binucleated cells shows 8.8 +/- 5.3% in the left and 11.7 +/- 4.0% in the right ventricular wall around the time of birth. The number increases during the first year of life to 56.8 +/- 17.4% in the left and 42.0 +/- 18.1% in the right heart. This development precedes normal polyploidisation of the human heart by years.
Cell Count↗
The karyological basis of atypia.
There is no distinct DNA-pattern correlating with the degree of dysplasia. Atypical DNA-histograms can be found in morphologically normal smears especially when earlier smears had been suspicious. They can also persist after hysterectomy. In cases of progression aneuploidy and large scatter dominate while in cases of regression the DNA values are concentrated in the polyploid classes. Therefore, persisting atypical histograms signalize an increased risk in cases of dysplasia.
DNA, Neoplasm↗
Differential diagnosis of acute allograft rejection and CMV-infection in renal transplantation by urinary cytology.
Acute allograft rejection and CMV-infection are the most common complications after renal transplantation. Quick differential diagnosis between these two complications is still difficult but necessary, since both complications demand a different therapy. More than 2500 urinary samples from 33 transplanted patients were prospectively examined and part of them evaluated quantitatively. Urinary samples of patients with acute renal failure, long-term haemodialysis or immunosuppressive therapy served as controls. The following cytomorphological criteria proved to be useful: Tubular epithelial cells, casts, oxalate crystals (sand-glass shaped), dirty background, increasing erythrocyturia, mixed cell clusters, lymphocytes and mitoses. Rejection is going on when the number of renal tubular cells is increased and two or more further criteria are positive. 25 acute allograft rejections without acute renal failure were diagnosed clinically. All 25 rejections were also diagnosed by urinary cytology. Nevertheless, it is not possible to differentiate between acute allograft rejection and acute renal failure of other origin. CMV-infection was serologically detected in 7 patients. In 6 of them viral infected cells were found in the urine shortly after the onset of unspecific clinical symptoms. Besides the typical "owl-eye" cells milkglass nuclei, sometimes with eosinophilic condensation, were seen while criteria for transplant rejection were never observed at the same time. Cytologic examination of voided urine is a simple diagnostic help for the differentiation between allograft rejection and CMV-infection after renal transplantation.
Acute Disease↗
Flow cytometry of postmortem human testicular tissue in cases of atherosclerosis.
From forty-seven autopsy cases of atherosclerosis flow cytometry (FCM) of DNA and histology of both testes are compared with the histological sections of their supplying vessels arteriae testiculares and arteriae ductus deferentis at different levels. By this method, changes of spermatogenesis are judged separately for each side and the results can be related to the local conditions of blood supply. Four young men, dead after traffic accidents, served as control. In the majority of cases, the computer-assisted evaluations of the meiotic DNA histograms show no differences between the right and left testis, even when differences of the arterial diameters are found by histology. On the other hand, cases with distinct differences in the histograms can show insignificant pathological alterations of the vessels. Though most excessive forms of macroscopic and microscopic atherosclerosis do not necessarily lead to a significant reduction in spermatogenesis, some cases with moderate forms show a strong reduction or even a total loss. This discrepancy can best be explained by superposition of other diseases.
Adult↗
Herpes oesophagitis. I. Light microscopical and immunohistochemical investigations.
The diagnosis of herpes oesophagitis was established from routinely processed biopsy specimens and cytological brush preparations of six patients by immunoperoxidase staining of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-antigen. Macroscopically small round punched-out ulcers are the most frequent and characteristic feature of herpes oesophagitis, whether occurring in patients with serious debilitating illnesses, under immunosuppression, or without evidence of any significant disease. Light microscopically the herpetic changes of squamous epithelium consist of ballooning degeneration, ground glass nuclei with margination of chromatin, eosinophilic inclusions and multinuclear giant cells. A specific positive reaction with anti-HSV is found only at the borders of the oesophageal ulcers. The immunostaining intensity of nuclei and cytoplasm varies from cell to cell according to the mode of HSV replication in productive infected cells. The latency of HSV in the vagus ganglion and centrifugal neural spread are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Herpes oesophagitis. II. Electron microscopical findings.
Ultra-thin sections obtained from routine biopsy specimens and cytological smears of 3 cases, together with one autopsy case suggestive of herpes oesophagitis, clearly demonstrate herpes viruses. The infected epithelial cells reveal different stages of virus replication and propagation. Cowdry A type inclusion bodies, however, representing early alterations in the course of infection are less frequent. Ground-glass looking nuclei of light microscopical balloon cells and infected multinuclear giant cells of epithelial origin are characteristic changes of the late ulcerative stage of herpes oesophagitis usually seen at the time of detection. These typical virus induced cell changes are mostly to be found at the ulcers edge.
Adolescent↗
Pressure-induced hypertrophy in hearts of dwarf pigs.
Myocardial DNA-synthesis has been investigated in five adult dwarf pigs by autoradiography, light and electron microscopy 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 days after banding the ascending aorta. By the banding procedure the mean ventricular pressure in the left heart rose to 40%, reaching an average of 74% at the time of pulse-labelling with 3H-thymidine. Absolute mean heart weights of the hypertrophic hearts reached 165 +/- 25 g in contrast to ten normal hearts with an average of 69 +/- 8 g. The highest labelling indices were found 10 days after onset of pressure-load: 0.46% in the left ventricular wall, 0.35% in the septum and 0.55% in the right ventricular wall. After 20 to 100 days of aortic constriction the labelling indices ranged from zero to 0.25% indicating a continuous slight DNA-synthesis. Electron micrographs demonstrate activation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and synthesis of myofilamental and myofibrillar structures, changes of the number and size of mitochondria, the nuclear membrane, as well as changes due to hypoxia and degeneration.
Animals↗
Ploidy pattern of megakaryocytes in patients with metastatic tumors with and without paraneoplastic thrombosis and in controls.
In order to measure megakaryocyte DNA content in a greater number of well-defined patients, the use of bone marrow aspirates obtained postmortem is a basic requirement. We could show that the distinction between the ploidy classes in DNA histograms is possible until 18 h postmortem. Thus, bone marrow aspirates obtained up to 12 h after death can be expected to give reliable results. Megakaryocytes of the following patient groups were studied: 15 patients with metastatic tumors and paraneoplastic thrombosis, 15 patients with metastatic tumors without paraneoplastic thrombosis and 10 controls. A higher ploidy of the megakaryocytes was found in all 30 patients with metastatic tumors, independently of whether these patients suffer from thrombosis or not. Higher megakaryocyte ploidy, however, is correlated with a larger cytoplasmic mass of megakaryocytes, which leads to an increased platelet production. Besides an overcompensation for increased platelet consumption, a mitogenic or thrombopoietin-like factor produced by the tumor itself must be considered.
Adult↗