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Biomedical subjects

P Panula

Publications and source records attributed to P Panula.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Neural control of the middle ear mucosa.

Neurogenic inflammation is assumed to be an important local defence mechanism against noxious stimuli in various parts of the body. Recent experimental evidence suggests substance P(SP) to be the mediator of this mechanism in the respiratory tract. Immunohistochemically, SP has earlier been reported to be present in the middle ear mucosa of the cat and guinea pig. Our earlier study demonstrated SP-like immunoreactive (SPLI) nerve fibres in the middle ear mucosa and tympanic nerve of the rat, guinea pig and man. This study shows that in experimental animals, many neuron cell bodies of the sensory ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve show SPLI. It is suggested that SP may be involved in the neurogenic inflammatory reaction leading to the mucosal middle ear disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Distribution of histamine in the cockroach brain and visual system: an immunocytochemical and biochemical study.

The distribution of histamine-immunoreactivity in the carbodiimide-fixed brain and visual system of the cockroach was revealed immunocytochemically with an antiserum against histamine (HA). Histamine levels were measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography. The results show a widespread distribution of histamine-containing somata and fibers in the brain, particularly in the visual system. The most intense immunolabeling was seen in the retinal photoreceptors and in the first optic ganglion, the lamina, where the short visual fibers make synaptic connections with the monopolar neurons, which also displayed immunofluorescence. Immunoreactive long visual fibers traversed the lamina and outer chiasma, terminating in the distal medulla. Tracts of histamine-immunopositive fibers appeared to link the optic ganglia to the protocerebrum. Prominent histamine-containing neurons were situated in the lateral protocerebrum. Immunolabeled pathways consisting of large-diameter fibers also were seen in the cockroach brain. The central parts of the brain, including the central body, were reached by thick immunoreactive fibers that gave rise to intensely fluorescent varicose processes there. In the mushroom bodies, immunoreactivity was limited to the calyces. The protocerebral bridge was nonreactive. Immunofluorescence was seen also in the antennal lobes, but not in the antennal nerves. The biochemical measurements correlated well with the immunocytochemical data. The retinas and optic lobes, measured together, contained remarkably large amounts of histamine. These results reinforce the hypothesis presented by Hardie ('87) and Elias and Evans ('83) that histamine functions as a neurotransmitter in the photoreceptors of some, if not all, insect species.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Development of histamine-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain.

This study was undertaken to reveal the cellular stores of histamine in developing rat brain and to determine the stage of development during which the histamine-immunoreactive neurons can first be detected. Rats from embryonal day 12 to postnatal day 14 were studied. The brains were fixed in 4% 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and standard immunofluorescence technique was used. The first histamine-immunoreactive neurons were seen on embryonic day 13 in the border of mesencephalon and metencephalon. On embryonic day 15 immunoreactive neurons were detected in ventral mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. In caudal, tuberal, and postmammillary caudal magnocellular nuclei histamine-immunoreactive neurons were first detected on embryonic day 20 while those in the hindbrain had disappeared. Histamine-immunoreactive nerve fibers were first detected on embryonic day 15 in rhombencephalon and mesencephalon and in some areas of diencephalon including the mammillary bodies and frontal cortex. On embryonic day 18 the number of immunoreactive nerve fibers in the hindbrain had decreased considerably, but the olfactory bulb, septal and hypothalamic area, and the cerebral cortex showed immunoreaction in fibers. The density of histamine-immunoreactive fiber networks increased until postnatal day 14 when an adultlike pattern of neurons and fibers had developed. Histamine-immunoreactive neurons are present in embryonal CNS and they develop extensive projections to various brain areas.

Aging↗
PubMed1988

The histaminergic system in the guinea pig central nervous system: an immunocytochemical mapping study using an antiserum against histamine.

Using an antiserum against conjugated histamine we mapped the histaminergic somata and their fiber projection areas in carbodiimide-fixed guinea pig central nervous system. The neurons were large and they were found exclusively in the posterior hypothalamus, as in the rat, but in the guinea pig they were more numerous and distributed more widely in thin layer around the posterior mammillary nucleus, scattered between and within the medial mammillary nuclei, and in a dense cell cluster emerging from the caudal magnocellular nucleus and extending to the medial preoptic area. The density of histamine-immunopositive fibers was very high in the olfactory tubercle, diagonal band of Broca, nucleus accumbens, medial and cortical amygdaloid nuclei, periventricular and lateral basal hypothalamus, paraventricular thalamus, and in a region from the medial central gray to the locus coeruleus and the parabrachial nucleus. Dense fiber networks were found in the piriform and entorhinal cortex, septum, dentate gyrus, and subiculum, in most parts of amygdala, and in many areas of the hypothalamus, thalamus, substantia nigra, raphe nuclei, inferior olivary, solitary tract and medial vestibular nuclei, and neurohypophysis. Medium fiber density was observed in the internal layers of the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, neocortex, zone CA1 of hippocampus, and many midbrain and hindbrain regions. Low density was present in the outer layers of the olfactory bulb, other parts of hippocampus, the globus pallidus, most of the caudatus-putamen, the cerebellar cortex, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The retina and most of the myelinated white matter had single or no histaminergic fibers. It may be concluded from the results that most fibers seem to follow a ventromedial route to the forebrain, reaching the amygdala ventral to the medial forebrain bundle, the hippocampus via subiculum, and the hindbrain structures via the medial central gray. As compared to the rat, the fiber projections in the guinea pig brain were denser, particularly in the hippocampus, thalamus, pons-medulla, and neurohypophysis. The fiber densities in various regions of the guinea pig brain are compared to histamine receptor densities and the possible functions of histamine are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Histaminergic nerve fibers in the median eminence and hypophysis of rats demonstrated immunocytochemically with antibodies against histidine decarboxylase and histamine.

Histaminergic fibers in the median eminence and hypophysis of rats were examined immunocytochemically with antibodies against histidine decarboxylase (HDC), the sole histamine-synthesizing enzyme, and against histamine itself. A similar distribution of immunoreactive fibers was observed with these two antibodies. In the median eminence, immunoreactive fibers were mainly located in the internal layer and could be traced to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. A few fibers were detected in the external layer of the median eminence, but none in the anterior or intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. These observations suggest that neuronal histamine may take part in regulation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neuroendocrine system in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The adhesive and neurite-promoting molecule p30: analysis of the amino-terminal sequence and production of antipeptide antibodies that detect p30 at the surface of neuroblastoma cells and of brain neurons.

A membrane-bound adhesive protein that promotes neurite outgrowth in brain neurons has been isolated from rat brain (Rauvala, H., and R. Pihlaskari. 1987. J. Biol. Chem. 262:16625-16635). The protein is an immunochemically distinct molecule with a subunit size of approximately 30 kD (p30). p30 is an abundant protein in perinatal rat brain, but its content decreases rapidly after birth. In the present study the amino-terminal sequence of p30 was determined by automated Edman degradations. A single amino-terminal sequence was found, which is not present in previously studied adhesive molecules. This unique sequence has a cluster of five positive charges within the first 11 amino acid residues: Gly-Lys-Gly-Asp-Pro-Lys-Lys-Pro-Arg-Gly-Lys. Antisynthetic peptide antibodies that recognize this sequence were produced in a rabbit, purified with a peptide affinity column, and shown to bind specifically to p30. The antipeptide antibodies were used, together with anti-p30 antibodies, to study the localization of p30 in brain cells and in neuroblastoma cells as follows. (a) Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy indicated that p30 is a component of neurons in mixed cultures of brain cells. The neurons and the neuroblastoma cells expressed p30 at their surface in the cell bodies and the neurites. In the neurites p30 was found especially in the adhesive distal tips of the processes. In addition the protein was detected in ribosomal particles and in intracellular membranes in a proportion of cells. (b) The antibodies immobilized on microtiter wells enhanced adhesion and neurite growth indicating that p30 is surface exposed in adhering neural cells. (c) Immunoblotting showed that p30 is extracted from suspended cells by heparin suggesting that a heparin-like structure is required for the binding of p30 to the neuronal cell surface. A model summarizing the suggested interactions of p30 in cell adhesion and neurite growth is presented.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Mast cells and IgE in intestinal mucosa in adult atopic dermatitis patients.

Duodenal biopsies from 29 adult atopic dermatitis (AD) patients with multiple positive skin prick test reactions were examined and the results compared with biopsies from 13 non-atopic controls. The duodenal mucosa showed mild inflammatory changes in six out of the 29 patients, but was normal in all the controls. Numerous anti-IgE positive cells, increasing with the severity of AD, were found in the duodenal mucosa in 25 of the 29 AD patients compared with few sporadic positive cells seen in only two out of 13 controls (P less than 0.001). The total serum IgE level showed a significant positive correlation with the number of anti-IgE stained cells in the mucosa (P less than 0.05). No significant differences were found in the total number of toluidine blue stained cells or cells immunoreactive for histamine between patients and controls. However, AD patients who had high numbers of anti-IgE positive cells often had decreased numbers of histamine immunoreactive cells in the mucosa suggesting mast cell degranulation. These findings provide further evidence that also in adult AD patients the gastrointestinal tract may serve as a portal of entry for allergens which may lead to exacerbation of AD.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Neuropeptides in the middle ear mucosa.

Substance P- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods in mucosal specimens from the middle ear cleft of the guinea pig and rat. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was seen in corresponding specimens of the rabbit. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in the tympanic nerve of various animal species and man. These specimens also showed weak immunoreactivity for bombesin. The findings suggest the presence of substance P in the tympanic nerve. Theoretically substance P may act in the middle ear cleft mucosa in several ways. One possibility is its putative role in the neurochemical control of the middle ear aeration. Another hypothetical possibility is a role in the neurogenic inflammation after noxious stimulation of the middle ear mucosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Carbodiimide as a tissue fixative in histamine immunohistochemistry and its application in developmental neurobiology.

The object of this study was to develop an immunohistochemical method that could be used to study neuronal histamine, especially in nerve fibers and terminals where most previous methods have not been applicable. Three new antisera were produced in rabbits against conjugated histamine, and the fixative used in conjugation, 1-ethyl-3(3-diamethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDCDI), was used in tissue fixation and compared to paraformaldehyde. Specificity of the antisera was established with dot-blot tests on nitrocellulose, with blocking controls and affinity-purified antibodies. EDCDI appeared to be superior to paraformaldehyde as a fixative, and histamine-immunoreactive nerve cells were visualized in developing rat brain during late fetal development from embryonal day 12. By the second postnatal week, the distribution of histamine-immunoreactive neurons in rat brain had reached the adult pattern and immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen in many areas. Posterior hypothalamic neurons from newborn rat in vitro showed strong immunoreactivity for histamine and developed long varicose fibers, which covered the culture dish by the end of the fourth week in vitro. Fixation with EDCDI also allowed detection of histamine in gastric enterochromaffin-like cells and mast cells in rat. The results suggest that the histamine-containing neuron system in rat brain develops during the late fetal and early postnatal periods, and that immunoreactive neurons develop long fibers both in vivo and in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Morphology, yield and functional integrity of islet-like cell clusters in tissue culture of human fetal pancreata obtained after different means of abortion.

Morphology, yield and function were studied in cultured islet-like cell clusters (ICC) from 140 human fetal pancreata obtained after abortions of different types performed at 11-23 weeks of gestation (12 by hysterotomy, 75 by mechanical dilation and extraction, and 53 induced with prostaglandin). After collagenase digestion and culture in medium supplemented with 10% human serum, up to 2000 free-floating ICC were formed from a single pancreas. Randomly scattered insulin- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found in the medullary part of the ICC. More than 100 ICC developed in 100% of the hysterotomies and 87% of the mechanical abortions, but in only 53% of the prostaglandin-induced abortions. Insulin and glucagon levels in the culture medium decreased rapidly during the first 7 days of culture, but then remained stable for at least 31 days. The hysterotomy-derived ICC responded to 10 mmol/l theophylline plus 20 mmol/l glucose by a 12.2 +/- 3.1 (SEM, N = 7) fold increase in insulin release, as compared with a 5.4 +/- 0.9 fold response of the prostaglandin ICC (N = 16; P less than 0.02). Despite the low proportion of B-cells, (pro)insulin biosynthesis accounted for 10% of the total protein biosynthesis in low (2 mmol/l) glucose. In conclusion, the yield and viability of the ICC were clearly better, if prostaglandin had not been used for the induction of the abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

Localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase and GABA transaminase immunoreactivity in the sympathetic ganglia of the rat.

The location of L-glutamate decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA)-transaminase immunoreactivity in the superior cervical ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex of the rat was studied by an indirect immunofluorescence method and by immunoelectron microscopy, with specific antisera raised in rabbits against the corresponding enzymes. In light microscopy, several glutamate decarboxylase- or GABA-transaminase-immunoreactive principal nerve cells were detected in the superior cervical ganglion and coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex. In addition, numerous small cells in both the superior cervical ganglion and coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex showed intense immunoreactivity to glutamate decarboxylase or GABA-transaminase. The small cells were 10-20 micron in diameter and resembled in size and morphology the small intensely fluorescent cells. In consecutive sections, the small glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive cell clusters also showed immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase, suggesting that these cells contain the enzymes for both GABA and catecholamine synthesis. In the superior cervical ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex, GABA-transaminase immunoreactivity was also localized in fibre-like processes around and between the principal nerve cells, in nerve trunks traversing the ganglia, and around or in close contact with ganglionic blood vessels. Furthermore, GABA-transaminase immunoreactivity was observed in fibre-like structures close to the capsule of the ganglia. Division of the preganglionic nerve trunk of the superior cervical ganglion caused no detectable change in GABA-transaminase immunoreactivity in the ganglion. In immunoelectron microscopy of the superior cervical ganglion, GABA-transaminase immunoreactivity was localized in nerve fibres in association with neurotubules. A large number of GABA-transaminase labelled principal nerve cells were detected, containing immunoreactivity evenly distributed in their cytoplasm. GABA-transaminase immunoreactivity was also observed in satellite cells and their processes in the superior cervical ganglion. The present immunocytochemical results provide evidence that the rat sympathetic ganglia contain an intrinsic neuronal system showing histochemical markers for GABA synthesis and inactivation, but its functional role in the modulation of ganglionic neurotransmission remains to be established.

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase↗
PubMed1987

[Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7- and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerve fibres and neurons in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat.

[Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7-(MEAP-) and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-(MEAGL-) immunoreactivity was studied by indirect immunohistochemistry in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat with specific antisera produced in rabbits against the corresponding synthetic opioid peptides. Several MEAP- and a few MEAGL-immunoreactive principal nerve cells were observed in the ganglion, while the small intensely fluorescent cells appeared as non-reactive. The superior cervical ganglion also contained dense networks of MEAP- and MEAGL-immunoreactive nerve fibres, which often formed basket-like structures around the principal nerve cells and small intensely fluorescent cells. After ligation of the preganglionic nerve trunk with simultaneous transection of the main postganglionic trunks, a distinct accumulation of both MEAP- and MEAGL-immunoreactivity was observed on both sides of the ligature. Ligation of the preganglionic nerve trunk caused a marked decrease in the number of both MEAP- and MEAGL-immunoreactive nerve fibres in the ganglion. Ligation of the main postganglionic nerve trunks with simultaneous preganglionic nerve division resulted in accumulation of MEAP- and MEAGL-immunoreactive material on the ganglionic side of the ligature in both the external and internal carotid nerve. After division of both the pre- and postganglionic nerve trunks, some immunoreactive nerve fibres and principal nerve cells were still observed in the ganglion. A few immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibres were also observed in the ganglion stellatum. A large number of MEAP- and MEAGL-immunoreactive nerve fibres was detected in the spinal cord at the levels C6-Th6. A few neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord at levels C8-Th1 showed MEAP- but not MEAGL-immunoreactivity. The cultured superior cervical ganglion contained a few MEAP-immunoreactive neurons, and the fibre outgrowth showed immunoreactivity both to MEAP and MEAGL. In electron microscopy, MEAGL-immunoreactivity in the superior cervical ganglion was localized in nerve fibres containing neurotubules and in principal nerve cells. The present results demonstrate that the rat superior cervical ganglion contains both extrinsic and intrinsic MEAP- and MEAGL-immunoreactive nerve fibres. Most of these fibres are of preganglionic origin. Both the principal nerve and small intensely fluorescent cells are often surrounded by MEAP- or MEAGL-immunoreactive nerve fibres and may receive innervation by these fibres. Several ganglionic neurons projecting to the sympathetic target tissues show MEAP- and/or MEAGL-immunoreactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Enkephalins in the rat pituitary gland: immunohistochemical and biochemical observations.

The immunohistochemical distribution of opioid peptides derived from proenkephalin A in the rat pituitary was studied by indirect immunofluorescence; immunoreactive peptides were also characterized by column chromatography followed by specific RIAs. Nerve terminals in the neural lobe were immunoreactive (ir) for Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe (YGGFMRF), Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Gly-Leu (YGGFMRGL), and met-enkephalin [Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met (YGGFM)]. All cells in the intermediate lobe were ir for YGGFMRF, while only occasional cells exhibited YGGFMRGL-like immunoreactivity, and YGGFM-ir cells were not detected in this lobe. In the anterior lobe, some large ovoid cells, identified as gonadotrophs, were immunoreactive for enkephalins. The number of YGGFMRF-ir cells was larger than the number of YGGFMRGL- and YGGFM-ir cells, and these opioid peptides were present in cells that did not contain beta-endorphin immunoreactivity. Twenty times more YGGFMRF than YGGFMRGL-immunoreactivity was present in the anterior lobe, whereas the neurointermediate lobe obtained 4 times more ir YGGFMRF than YGGFMRGL. Pituitary lobe extracts contained substantial amounts of high mol wt forms of ir YGGFMRF and YGGFMRGL, but not of YGGFM or Leu-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu). Low mol wt ir peptides present in both lobes consisted largely of the authentic peptides when analyzed by HPLC; however, an unidentified YGGFMRF-ir peptide was also detected. The results indicate that the proenkephalin A molecule may be processed differentially in the various compartments of the pituitary gland and that opioid peptides derived from this precursor may have functional roles in all three lobes. The relatively large amount of YGGFMRF immunoreactivity, which was detected both biochemically and immunohistochemically, indicates that YGGFMRF-ir peptides may be important proenkephalin A-derived products in the pituitary gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Neuroanatomy of morphine-modulating peptides.

Antisera against two mammalian peptides related to the molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 were used to locate immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain, nerve fibres and terminals in the spinal cord, sympathetic ganglion cells and adrenal chromaffin cells. Immunoreactivity for the newly characterised octa- and octadecapeptide was detected in nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamic area, including parts of the dorsomedial, periventricular and paraventricular nuclei, and in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Nerve terminals in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord were also immunoreactive for these peptides, while the sensory ganglia were nonreactive. Some principal ganglion cells in the superior cervical ganglia exhibited bright immunofluorescence for the peptides, and a few adrenal medullary cells were immunoreactive. The presence of these peptides in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord suggests that they may be involved in sensory neurotransmission, especially in the mechanisms mediating pain. In the hypothalamo-hypophysial system these peptides may be involved in the regulation of hormonal systems. They may also act as co-transmitters in the sympathetic nervous system.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1986

Peptide YY-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat.

The concentration of peptide YY (PYY)-like immunoreactivity in rat brain and spinal cord was determined by radioimmunoassay. The highest concentrations were found in the cervical spinal cord (18.1 +/- 1.3 ng/g, mean +/- S.E.M.) and in the medulla oblongata (16.3 +/- 1.5 ng/g). Lower amounts were found in the pons and in the hypothalamus. Chromatographic analysis of the PYY-like immunoreactivity from various regions of the brain revealed 95% of the immunoreactive material to be indistinguishable from synthetic porcine PYY. PYY-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies could be demonstrated by immunocytochemistry in the medulla oblongata of colchicine-treated rats, the largest group of cells being found in the midline area between and partly in the raphe pontis and obscurus nuclei. Another large group of immunoreactive cells was detected more laterally in the medial parts of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus. A few cells, finally, were seen in the dorsal parts of the medulla, including the nucleus of the solitary tract. Varicose nerve fibers displaying PYY immunoreactivity were observed in many parts of the hypothalamus, pons, medulla and spinal cord.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Histamine in endocrine cells in the stomach. A survey of several species using a panel of histamine antibodies.

Antibodies to histamine were used to examine the localization of the amine in cells of the stomach and upper small intestine of a great variety of species, including cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibia, reptiles (lizard), birds (chicken) and a large number of mammals. In all species gastric histamine was localized in endocrine cells (invariably found in the epithelium) and mast cells (usually with an extra-epithelial localization). The endocrine cells were identified as such by immunostaining with antibodies to chromogranin A and the mast cells were identified by toluidine blue staining. Histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells were found almost exclusively in the acid-producing part of the stomach; only rarely were such cells observed in the pyloric gland area. They were fairly numerous in the gastric mucosa of the two subclasses of fish as well as in the amphibia and reptile species studied. Here, the majority of the histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells seemed to have contact with the gastric lumen (open type cells) and were located in the surface epithelium (certain fish only) or together with mucous neck cells at the bottom of the pits. In the chicken, histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells were numerous and located peripherally in the deep compound glands. They were without contact with the lumen (closed type) and had long basal extensions ("paracrine" appearance), running close to the base of the oxyntic-peptic cells. In mammals, the number of histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells in the stomach varied greatly. They were particularly numerous in the rat and notably few in the dog, monkey and man. In all mammals, the histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells were of the closed type and located basally in the oxyntic glands. They often had a "paracrine" appearance with long basal processes. Histamine-storing mast cells, finally, were few in both subclasses of fish as well as in the amphibian species and in the lizard. They were fairly numerous in chicken proventriculus (beneath the surface epithelium), few in the oxyntic mucosa of mouse, rat and hamster, moderate in number in hedgehog, guinea-pig, rabbit, pig and monkey, and numerous in cat, dog and man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

APUD Cells↗