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Biomedical subjects

P Nayyar

Publications and source records attributed to P Nayyar.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Social support and self-control as variables in attitude toward life and Perceived control among older people in India.

The authors examined the effects of social support and self-control in a representative sample of 300 older adults in high-density households in an urban area of Agra City, India. The authors administered the Social Support Questionnaire (I. G. Sarason, H. M. Levine, R. B. Basham, & B. R. Sarason, 1983) and the Self-Control Schedule (M. Rosenbaum, 1980) to form a 2 (age group: young-old vs. old-old) x 2 (social support: high vs. low) x 2 (self-control: high vs. low) factorial design. Scores on the Life Attitude Profile (G. T. Recker & E. J. Peacock, 1981) and the Perceived Control Scale (P. Nayyar, 1993) were the dependent variables. The authors hypothesized that social support and self-control would act as moderators for a more positive attitude toward life and increased perceived control. The results supported the predictions: Social support and self-control in interaction with age reduced the crowding stress of high density and enhanced the older participants' perceived control and positive attitudes toward life.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Measurement of nicotine intake in pregnant women--associations to changes in blood cell count.

Self-reported information about smoking is imprecise and subject to bias, with accuracy varying according to circumstances. Biochemical assessment gives much clearer indications of the effects of tobacco intake on physiological parameters. As part of a randomized controlled trial, a new point-of-care test for smoking was used as a tool to reduce smoking in pregnancy. Measurements of nicotine metabolites in urine were related to a physiological effect of smoking, notably changes to blood parameters, assessed as a routine part of antenatal care. One hundred and eighty-seven pregnant women attending outpatient antenatal care were initially questioned by a midwife about smoking habits and later questioned by the investigators, during which the test was performed and the results relayed back to the patient. Self-reported smoking habit and cigarette consumption, either reported to midwives or the investigators, were shown to be poor indicators of the effects of smoking on blood parameters. The biochemical assessment of nicotine intake was significantly related to white blood count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean cell volume, and mean cell haemoglobin. Red cell count, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, and platelet count were unrelated to nicotine metabolite measurements. We concluded that the new test was a reliable measure of nicotine intake in pregnancy and the results correlated with smoking-related changes to haematological parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Crowding effects of density and personal space requirements among older people: the impact of self-control and social support.

The authors examined the effects of self-control and social support among a representative sample of 300 older people, 150 in high-density and 150 in low-density households in India. The Self-Control Schedule (M. Rosenbaum, 1980), the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Test (M. Duke & S. Nowicki, 1972), the Social Support Questionnaire, and the Judgement of Environmental Quality Scale (I. G. Sarason, H. M. Levine, R. B. Basham, & B. R. Sarason, 1983) were the measures. A 2 x 2 x 2 (Density x Social Support x Self-Control) analysis of variance for perceptions of home environment and personal space requirements revealed that the Self-Control x Social Support interaction moderated the crowding effects of density: The participants in high-density households evaluated their home environments more positively and reduced their personal space requirements.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Near-patient test for nicotine and its metabolites in saliva to assess smoking habit.

Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontal disease, causing bone and tooth loss. Effective management of many oral conditions requires accurate information about smoking. We describe a disposable, 10-min, near-patient saliva test to monitor cigarette smoking. A plastic device contains the dried reagents to measure nicotine and its metabolites by a colorimetric assay. The device can be used to give a semi-quantitative assessment of tobacco consumption by observing a colour change and comparing it to a reference chart. Alternatively, the test can be quantified by measuring the light absorbance with a colorimeter and determining the concentration of nicotine metabolites by reference to a cotinine standard. This method correlates with reported daily cigarette consumption (r=0.62, P<0.0001) and nicotine yield of cigarettes smoked (r=0.35, P<0.01) and compares favourably with cotinine, as measured independently by radioimmunoassay (r=0.57, P<0.005). The method provides a simple-to-use, inexpensive way of monitoring tobacco consumption in dental surgeries.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Non-operating room emergency airway management and endotracheal intubation practices: a survey of anesthesiology program directors.

Airway management in the operating room is the responsibility of anesthesiologists, although a variety of personnel may be responsible for airway management outside the operating room. We conducted a survey of anesthesia program directors regarding emergency airway management practices at their institutions. A questionnaire was sent to anesthesia program directors listed in the Graduate Medical Education Directory for 1995-1996. Of the 153 programs surveyed, 134 (88%) responded. In 45% of institutions, intubations in the emergency ward (EW) were performed by emergency medical physicians, 32% by anesthesiology personnel, and 19% by both. Most intubations performed on the hospital ward were performed by anesthesiologists. Neuromuscular blocking drugs and sedative/hypnotics were used 90% and 95% of the time, respectively, by emergency medical physicians in hospitals in which they managed the airway independently. Our data serve as a snapshot of current practices. EW physicians are prominently involved in airway management in the emergency room both independently and with anesthesiologists. Airway management in trauma patients remains the domain of anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists are most represented in airway management on hospital floors.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1996

A simple near-patient test for nicotine and its metabolites in urine to assess smoking habit.

We describe a disposable, near-patient urine test to monitor cigarette smoking. A plastic device contains the sealed dried reagents to measure nicotine and its metabolites, by a colorimetric assay. The device can be used to give a qualitative assessment of tobacco consumption, simply by observing a colour change. Alternatively, the test can be quantified by measuring the light absorbance with a simple colorimeter, and a concentration of nicotinic metabolites obtained with reference to a cotinine standard. A correction factor for the concentration of the urine sample, based on light absorbance, allows the result to be expressed as a ratio to urine concentration. This method correlates with reported daily cigarette consumption (r = 0.69, p < 0.0001) and compares favourably with cotinine, as measured by gas chromatography (r = 0.89, p < 0.0001). The method provides a simple-to-use, inexpensive way to monitoring tobacco consumption in extralaboratory situations.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1996

Replication of IFDO on a chemically defined medium.

An agar or liquid medium containing haemoglobin, high density horse lipoprotein, trypsin, Tween 80, phosphate buffer, CaCl(2), glucose, glutamic acid and NaCl supported growth of ileal fluid dependent organism (IFDO). Glucose, glutamic acid and NaCl were not essential but enhanced growth. Trace amounts of lipoprotein were sufficient to support growth, and some human sera and serum fractions rich in low density lipoprotein could be substituted for horse lipoprotein. Addition of lipase enhanced the growth rate, and reduced the requirement for lipoprotein. No nucleic acid precursors were identified as essential for growth. However, nucleosides, especially cytidine, accelerated the growth rate. The growth rate was also increased by DNAase and RNAase. These observations indicate that the organisation of the IFDO particle is more complex than that of a crystal. They are consistent with the hypothesis that IFDO is a replicating agent that utilises specific preformed protein to assemble a proteinaceous particle, and support the postulated relationship of IFDO to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Perception of crowding among children and adolescents.

The effects of spatial orientation (closed vs. open) and furniture arrangement (side vs. central) on Indian children's (6 to 8 years) and adolescents' (16 to 18 years) perceptions of crowding were studied, using Desor's (1972) Crowding Perception Test. The results indicated that spatial orientation and furniture arrangement had different effects on children's and adolescents' perceptions of crowding. The children perceived less crowding than the adolescents did, and central furniture arrangement was perceived as more crowded than side furniture arrangement was.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brain natriuretic peptide in diagnosis and treatment of heart failure.

Currently we are in the midst of a chronic disease epidemic of congestive heart failure (CHF) worldwide. This epidemic is marked by a rapid rise in prevalent cases over the past decade that is due in part to the aging population and improved survival in patients with other cardiovascular conditions. At present there are 5 million Americans with congestive heart failure, with nearly 500000 new cases every year. To provide cost-effective treatment for patients with congestive heart failure, rapid and accurate differentiation of congestive heart failure from other causes of dyspnea must be accomplished. Although echocardiography is considered the gold standard for the detection of left ventricular dysfunction, it is expensive, is not always easily accessible, and may not always reflect an acute condition. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac neurohormone specifically secreted from the cardiac ventricles as a response to ventricular volume expansion, pressure overload, and resultant increased wall tension. BNP can be used in the diagnosis of CHF. However, the present American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association practice guidelines (2001) for the evaluation and management of CHF state that the role of blood BNP in the identification of patients with CHF remains to be fully clarified. We have discussed the role of BNP in the diagnosis and management of CHF.

Heart Failure↗