Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

P Millburn

Publications and source records attributed to P Millburn.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Bile and urine as complementary pathways for the excretion of foreign organic compounds.

1. The urinary and biliary excretion in the rat of 30 aromatic compounds with mol. wt. of 100-850, and largely excreted unchanged, has been studied. 2. These compounds fall into three groups as regards their pattern of elimination, which is related to mol. wt: group 1, with mol. wt. less than 350 and the major route of elimination the urine. When urinary excretion is prevented by ligating the renal pedicles the biliary excretion remains low. group 2, with mol, wt. of 450-850 which are excreted predominantly in bile. Even when the bile duct is obstructed, only small amounts of these compounds are found in urine. group 3, with mol. wt. of 350-450, which are eliminated extensively in both urine and bile. When one of these routes is blocked excretion by the other increases. 3. These studies emphasize the interrelationship of urine and bile as excretory routes for organic compounds. Urine and bile are complementary pathways; the extent of urinary excretion is greatest for the compounds of lowest mol. wt. and tends to decrease as mol. wt. increases and biliary excretion becomes more extensive.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Molecular weight as a factor in the excretion of monoquaternary ammonium cations in the bile of the rat, rabbit and guinea pig.

1. The excretion in the bile and urine of intraperitoneally injected (14)C-labelled monoquaternary ammonium or pyridinium cations was measured in bile-duct-cannulated rats (ten compounds) and in guinea pigs and rabbits (six compounds). 2. Seven of these, namely N-methylpyridinium, tetraethylammonium, trimethylphenylammonium, diethylmethylphenylammonium, methylphenyldipropylammonium, dibenzyldimethylammonium and tribenzylmethylammonium, were excreted largely unchanged in the bile and urine. 3. 3-Hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium, 3-bromo-N-methylpyridinium and cetyltrimethylammonium were metabolized to an appreciable extent in the rat. 4. In intact rats intraperitoneally injected trimethylphenylammonium (mol.wt. 136) was excreted mainly in the urine, dibenzyldimethylammonium (mol.wt. 226) was excreted in roughly equal amounts in the urine and faeces, and tribenzylmethylammonium (mol.wt. 302) was excreted mainly in the faeces. The faecal excretion of these compounds corresponded to their biliary excretion in bile-duct-cannulated rats. About 3-4% of tribenzyl[(14)C]methylammonium was eliminated as (14)CO(2). 5. In rats the extent of biliary excretion of four cations with molecular weights in the range 94-164 was less than 10% of the dose, whereas that of five cations with molecular weights 173-302 was greater than 10%. These results and other data from the literature suggested that the molecular weight needed for the biliary excretion of such cations to an extent of 10% or more of the dose was about 200+/-50. Studies with six cations in guinea pigs and rabbits suggest that this value applies also to these species. 6. The results suggest that the threshold molecular weight for the appreciable (>10%) biliary excretion of monoquaternary cations is different from that for anions (Millburn et al., 1967a; Hirom et al., 1972b). With rats, guinea pigs and rabbits, no significant species difference was noted, whereas with anions there is a marked species difference.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Biliary excretion of some diquaternary ammonium cations in the rat, guinea pig and rabbit.

1. The extent of the excretion in the bile and urine of the (14)C-labelled dications, diquat, paraquat, morfamquat, decamethonium and dimethyltubocurarine in bile-duct-cannulated rats, guinea pigs and rabbits was examined. 2. These compounds were excreted unchanged in bile and urine, except diquat, which was metabolized to a significant extent (18% of the dose) in the rabbit only. 3. The extent of the biliary excretion of diquat (mol wt. of ion 184), paraquat (186), decamethonium (258) and morfamquat (469) was less than 10% of the dose in the three species, whereas that of dimethlytubocurarine (653) was greater than 10% in the rat and rabbit but not in the guinea pig. 4. These results together with data from the literature suggest that the molecular weight at which the excretion of dications in the bile exceeds 10% of the dose is in the region of 500-600, which differs from the values for monocations (Hughes et al., 1973) and anions (Millburn et al., 1967; Hirom et al., 1972).

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Species variations in the threshold molecular-weight factor for the biliary excretion of organic anions.

1. The excretion in the bile and urine after intravenous injection of 16 organic anions having molecular weights between 355 and 752 was studied in female rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. 2. These compounds were mostly excreted unchanged, except for three of them, which were metabolized to a slight extent (<7% of dose). 3. The rat excreted all the compounds extensively (22-90% of dose) in the bile. 4. In guinea pigs four of the compounds with mol.wt. 355-403 were excreted in the bile to the extent of 7-16% of the dose, four with mol.wt. 407-465 to the extent of 25-44% and eight compounds with mol.wt. 479-752 to the extent of 44-100%. 5. In rabbits four compounds with mol.wt. 355-465 were excreted in the bile to the extent of 1-8% of the dose, two compounds with mol.wt. 479 and 495 to the extent of 24 and 22%, and six compounds with mol.wt. 505-752 to the extent of 31-94%. 6. These results, together with those of other investigations from this laboratory, are discussed and the conclusion is reached that there is a threshold molecular weight for appreciable biliary excretion (i.e. more than 10% of dose) of anions, which varies with species: about 325+/-50 for the rat, 400+/-50 for the guinea pig and 475+/-50 for the rabbit. 7. Anions with molecular weights greater than about 500 are extensively excreted in the bile of all three species. 8. That proportion of the dose of these compounds which is not excreted in the bile is excreted in the urine, and in the three species, bile and urine are complementary excretory pathways, urinary excretion being greatest for the compounds of lowest molecular weight and tending to decrease with increasing molecular weight. 9. Some implications of this interspecies variation in the molecular-weight requirement for extensive biliary excretion are discussed.

Animals↗