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Biomedical subjects

P Malloy

Publications and source records attributed to P Malloy.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

The orbitomedial frontal syndrome.

An orbitomedial frontal syndrome is proposed, characterized by anosmia, amnesia with confabulation, Go-NoGo deficits, personality change, and hypersensitivity to pain. The orbitomedial frontal syndrome is distinct from the clinical picture that results from dorsolateral frontal damage. Aspects of orbitomedial damage have been discussed previously in isolation, but we argue that recognition of this syndrome in toto is clinically important. It appears to be associated with poor social and vocational adjustment after brain injury, and the co-occurrence of features of the syndrome provides clues to underlying mechanisms for disinhibition and confabulation in frontal lobe patients.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Hyperactive boys almost grown up. V. Replication of psychiatric status.

We previously reported a prospective follow-up study of 101 young adult males whose conditions had been diagnosed as hyperactivity in childhood. Compared with controls, probands had significantly higher rates of attention-deficit, antisocial, and drug use disorders at follow-up (mean age, 18 years). The present study was an attempt to replicate these findings on an independent sample of 94 hyperactive boys who were seen at the same clinic, compared with 78 normal controls. Assessments were made by clinicians who were blind to group membership. Information was obtained for 90% of the original cohort. As in the previous study, significantly more probands than controls were given ongoing diagnoses of attention-deficit disorder (43% vs 4%), antisocial disorders (32% vs 8%), and drug use disorders (10% vs 1%). Furthermore, the absolute rates of these disorders were comparable for corresponding groups across studies, and the adjusted odds ratios did not differ significantly. As previously, there was no increased risk for affective disorders in the grown hyperactive children. The present study provides a powerful replication of the nature of the young adult outcome of childhood hyperactivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Determinants of neuropsychological impairment in antisocial substance abusers.

Persons displaying Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASP) may be at risk for neuropsychological impairment due to a number of developmental and later life experiences to which they are prone. Thirty substance abusers meeting research criteria for ASP were compared to a demographically matched non-ASP cohort on neuropsychological test performance. The ASP subjects were found to have a higher prevalence of neuropsychological deficit. The groups were then compared on factors which might lead to brain impairment. Presence of ASP was associated with earlier and heavier past drinking patterns, more negative health and behavioral effects of alcohol abuse, and greater abuse of other drugs in addition to alcohol. The ASP alcoholics also reported a high prevalence of serious head injury (58%), although they did not differ from non-ASP alcoholics in this regard. Implications for the neuropsychology of alcoholism and for treatment are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Neuropsychological deficits in myotonic muscular dystrophy.

Twenty patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD) were compared with twenty controls on a battery of standardised neuropsychiological tests measuring motor and cognitive functions. The MMD patients performed significantly poorer on both motor and cognitive tests, particularly those assessing spatial functions. Although both motor and cognitive scores were correlated with age, significant diagnostic group by age interactions were present only for the motor measures. Therefore, while motor deficits in MMD may progress with ageing, cognitive deficits are mainly developmental and relatively stable.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Reduced RNA synthesis levels in isolated mouse liver nuclei following reaction with [(H2O)(NH3)5Ru(II)]2+.

The goal of this study is to establish the effect of [(H2O)(NH3)5Ru(II)]2+ reaction of nuclei on their RNA transcription levels. This question is important because ammineruthenium compounds share chemical and biological properties with the chemotherapeutic agent cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) or cisplatin. First we demonstrate that mouse liver nuclei are active in RNA transcription in vitro and characterize the optimum conditions for in vitro transcription. Synthetic rates in the presence of inhibitors actinomycin D and alpha-Amanitin and measurements of oligo(dT)-cellulose RNA binding levels suggest that all three RNA Polymerases are active in synthesis at about the following percentages-RNA Polymerase I(30%), II(50%) and III(20%). Mouse liver nuclei reacted with [(H2O)(NH3)5Ru(II)]2+ and then oxidized had (NH3)5 Ru(III)3+n-DNA adduct levels inversely related to total RNA synthetic rates. Oligo(dT) cellulose RNA binding levels did not vary with DNA adduct density. These data suggest that direct DNA lesions rather than [(NH3)5Ru(III)]3+ effects on other aspects of the transcription system are responsible for the diminished RNA synthesis levels. Ammineruthenium complexes remain desirable candidates for chemotherapeutic agents that may be safely administered in the unreactive ruthenium(III) state and be activated toward DNA binding by reduction in the hypoxic environment of many tumour cells.

Amanitins↗
PubMed1989

Flow cytometry measurements of human chromosome kinetochore labeling.

A method for the preparation and measurement of immunofluorescent human chromosome centromeres in suspension is described using CREST antibodies, which bind to the centromeric region of chromosomes. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antihuman antibodies provide the fluorescent label. Labeled chromosomes are examined on microscope slides and by flow cytometry. In both cases a dye which binds to DNA is added to provide identification of the chromosome groups. Sera from different CREST patients vary in their ability to bind to chromosome arms in addition to the centromeric region. Flow cytometry and microfluorimetry measurements have shown that with a given CREST serum the differences in kinetochore fluorescence between chromosomes are only minor. Flow cytometry experiments to relate the number of dicentric chromosomes, induced by in vitro radiation of peripheral blood cells to the slightly increased number of chromosomes with above-average kinetochore fluorescence did not produce decisive radiation dosimetry results.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1989

Topographic evoked potential mapping in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence of frontal lobe dysfunction.

Several lines of evidence suggest that frontal lobe dysfunction may underlie obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Eighteen patients with OCD were compared with 18 normals matched for age, gender, handedness, and education on a Go-NoGo task. Visual evoked potentials were measured during the task. Topographic evoked potential mapping revealed significantly smaller P300 magnitudes in orbital frontal areas in the OCD patients. Results are compared with those from studies using other methodologies, and etiological implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Risk factors for neuropsychological impairment in alcoholics: antisocial personality, age, years of drinking and gender.

One hundred eighty-two alcoholics were studied using subtests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Memory Scale. Alcoholics who displayed antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) were more impaired on the Brain Age Quotient, a summary measure of neuropsychological impairment. Multivariate analyses indicated that presence of ASPD contributed significantly to this impairment, independent of age, length of drinking history or gender. Discriminant analysis using these variables as predictors allowed for clinically useful levels of prediction of neuropsychological impairment in individual subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Exercise prescription guidelines for normal and cardiac populations.

The basic components of aerobic exercise prescription include recommendations for optimal frequency, intensity, duration, mode, and progression of activity. The most effective program design involves the use of each of these components and incorporates specific coexistent medical problems and objective data derived from a multistage exercise tolerance test. In addition to the prescription of aerobic exercise, the use of circuit weight training and recreational activities has become accepted as an important part of a comprehensive exercise prescription. In effecting a well-designed and safe exercise program, the clinician must also be aware of environmental considerations and the effect of cardiac medications on the response to exercise.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1984

Karyotyping and identification of human chromosome polymorphisms by single fluorochrome flow cytometry.

Frequency distributions of fluorescence intensity of ethidium bromide stained human chromosomes from nine phenotypically normal males are cross correlated and autocorrelated following repeated flow cytometric measurements. It is shown that each individual donor produces a fluorescence profile which is both visually and numerically different from those of other individuals in the set. The wide variety of chromosome heteromorphisms which occur to varying degrees for chromosomes 1, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22 and Y give rise to the uniqueness of a given fluorescence profile. Estimates of chromosome heteromorphisms for each individual in the set were made and then compared with parallel results obtained from inspection of Q-banded and C-banded conventional metaphase preparations. Fluorescence profiles identifiable with each individual were also obtained for Hoechst 33258 stained chromosomes.

Chromosome Banding↗
PubMed1983

Detecting radiation damage to human chromosomes by flow cytometry.

The flow karyotype profile of ethidium bromide-stained chromosomes from human peripheral blood lymphocytes has been analysed following exposure of lymphocytes to graded series of X-ray doses in vitro. Flow analysis offers the potential for rapid counting of chromosome abnormalities and it is shown that the level of background fluorescence, the distribution of fluorescence and the area of peaks associated with the larger chromosomes, are altered in a dose-related fashion following previous exposures of cultured lymphocytes to 50-400 rad. Moreover, parallel manual analysis of the incidence of chromosome aberrations in metaphase samples of the irradiated cells show a close correlation between flow karyotype profile distortion and aberration frequency. It is estimated that for any given irradiated blood sample doses above 100 rad could be detected with certainty.

Chromosomes↗
PubMed1982

An investigation of the construct validity of the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder.

An attempt was made to demonstrate the construct validity of the Grid Test in a psychiatric population by showing that: (a) judgements of thought disorder based on the Grid Test were associated with judgements based on a clinical interview; (b) Grid Test scores were not associated with measures of other forms of psychopathology, intelligence, or memory. Results of a principal components factor analysis confirmed both hypothesis, supporting the validity of the Grid Test as a measure of thought disorder.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1978

Initiation and maintenance of persistent infection by respiratory syncytial virus.

Propagation of cells infected with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus at nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) resulted in cytolytic, abortive, or persistent infection, depending on the mutant used to initiate infection. Five mutants from complementation group B produced cytolytic or abortive infections, whereas a single mutant (ts1) from group D and a noncomplbmenting mutant produced persistent infections. The persistently infected culture initiated by mutant ts1 (RS ts1/BS-C-1) has been maintained in serial culture for greater than 100 transfers, and infectious-center assays and immunofluorescent staining indicated that all cells harbored the RS virus genome. RS ts1/BS-C-1 cultures were resistant to superinfection by homologous and some heterologous viruses, and interferon-like activity against some heterologous viruses was present in the culture medium. Small amounts (0.002 to 0.2 PFU/cell) of infectious virus were present in the culture fluid, but autointerfering defective particles were not detected. This released virus formed small plaques and produced persistent infection of BS-C-1 cells at 37 degrees C. The RS ts1/BS-C-1 cells contained abundant RS virus antigen internally, but little at the surface, although the cells showed enhanced agglutinability by concanavalin A. Nucleocapsids and the 41,000-molecular-weight nucleoprotein were present in extracts of both nucleated and enucleated cells. No infectious RS virus was obtained by transfection of DNA from RS tsl/BS-C-1 cells to susceptible BS-C-1 or feline embryo cells under conditions allowing efficient transfection of a foamy virus proviral DNA. It was concluded that persistent infection was maintained in part by a non-ts variant of RS virus partially defective in maturation. The karyotype of the RS ts1/BS-C-1 culture differed from that of unifected cells.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMedDate not supplied

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase as a response predictor when using alpha-interferon to treat hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study was performed to identify response predictors for Interferon therapy given to patients with chronic hepatitis C. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The biochemical measures of liver injury that characterize viral hepatitis due to hepatitis C were followed prospectively in 84 individuals treated with alpha-Interferon. In addition, the liver histology and the hepatic iron content of these same individuals, prior to the initiation of Interferon therapy, were determined. RESULTS: Patients not responding to the interferon therapy showed an increase in liver iron content from an average of 337 micrograms/g wet weight. In responder to a value of 1075 micrograms/g wet weight in non responders. gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels in responders were significantly lower than in partial or non-responders. CONCLUSIONS: Both the hepatic iron content of the liver and the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase value prior to treatment were able to predict a clinical response to Interferon therapy. More importantly, the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level measured in serum could be used to monitor the IFN response during treatment and was found to predict clinical exacerbations of hepatitis following withdrawal of Interferon therapy.

Adult↗