Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

P Lavori

Publications and source records attributed to P Lavori.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Long-term treatment effects of vitamin E for tardive dyskinesia.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have found that alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) can effectively treat tardive dyskinesia (TD). A limitation of these trials is their short treatment durations (maximum of 12 weeks), which do not allow us to address the effects of long-term treatment. METHODS: To participate, patients had to have TD and be on stable oral medications. The study enrolled 40 patients who received up to 36 weeks of treatment with d-vitamin E (1600 IU per day) or placebo. RESULTS: Using the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS) score (sum of items #1-7) to measure TD severity, the study found a significant difference (3 points) in mean AIMS scores, in favor of vitamin E, starting at 10 weeks of treatment and continuing through the full 36 weeks. We used linear mixed-effects regression to quantify the impact of several covariates, and found that treatment assignment. TD duration, and chlorpromazine equivalents had significant effects on decreasing the AIMS score. CONCLUSIONS: The study's finding that vitamin E is effective in treating TD agrees with results from prior studies and provides evidence that the effect may extend to treatment of up to 36 weeks. These findings are in direct contrast to those of VA Cooperative Study #394, a much larger, long-term, multi-site study, conducted by many of the same investigators, in which Vitamin E was not superior to placebo.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1998

The electrocardiographic exercise test in a population with reduced workup bias: diagnostic performance, computerized interpretation, and multivariable prediction. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study in Health Services #016 (QUEXTA) Study Group. Quantitative Exercise Testing and Angiography.

BACKGROUND: Empirical scores, computerized ST-segment measurements, and equations have been proposed as tools for improving the diagnostic performance of the exercise test. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic utility of these scores, measurements, and equations with that of visual ST-segment measurements in patients with reduced workup bias. DESIGN: Prospective analysis. SETTING: 12 university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. PATIENTS: 814 consecutive patients who presented with angina pectoris and agreed to undergo both exercise testing and coronary angiography. MEASUREMENTS: Digital electrocardiographic recorders and angiographic calipers were used for testing at each site, and test results were sent to core laboratories. RESULTS: Although 25% of patients had previously had testing, workup bias was reduced, as shown by comparison with a pilot study group. This reduction resulted in a sensitivity of 45% and a specificity of 85% for visual analysis. Computerized measurements and visual analysis had similar diagnostic power. Equations incorporating nonelectrocardiographic variables and either visual or computerized ST-segment measurement had similar discrimination and were superior to single ST-segment measurements. These equations correctly classified 5 more patients of every 100 tested (areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, 0.80 for equations and 0.68 for visual analysis; P < 0.001) in this population with a 50% prevalence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Standard exercise tests had lower sensitivity but higher specificity in this population with reduced work-up bias than in previous studies. Computerized ST-segment measurements were similar to visual ST-segment measurements made by cardiologists. Considering more than ST-segment measurements can enhance the diagnostic power of the exercise test.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Reliability of an instrumental assessment of tardive dyskinesia: results from VA Cooperative Study #394.

Nine VA Medical Centers are participating in a 2-year double-blind placebo controlled study of antioxidant treatment for tardive dyskinesia (TD) conducted by the Department of Veteran Affairs Cooperative Studies Program. One of the principal outcome measures of this study is the score derived from the instrumental assessment of upper extremity dyskinesia. Dyskinetic hand movements are quantified by assessing the variability associated with steady-state isometric force generated by the patient. In the present report, we describe the training procedures and results of a multi-center reliability assessment of this procedure. Data from nine study centers comprising 45 individual patients with six trials each (three from left hand and three from right hand) were reanalyzed by an independent investigator and the results were subjected to reliability assessment. For the statistic of interest (average coefficient of variation over trials 2 and 3 for each hand, then take the larger of these two values), we found very high intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability over all patients across sites (ICC = 0.995). We also calculated the reliability of the measures across trials within patient for each combination of hand (right, left, dominant), rater group (site, control), and trials set (all three, trials 2 and 3). For a given hand and trial set, the reliability of the site raters was similar to that of the control. This study demonstrates that instrumental measures for the assessment of dyskinesia are reliable and can be implemented in multi-center studies with minimal training.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Interrater reliability issues in multicenter trials, Part I: Theoretical concepts and operational procedures used in Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394.

This article describes a standardized method for establishing and maintaining desired levels of interrater reliability (IRR) in multicenter trials. The procedure involves six steps: distribution of procedural guides, distribution of an introduction tape, initial distribution of patient interviews to rate, training at the study kickoff meeting, ongoing IRR monitoring, and group training throughout the study. This method is being used in a national Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study (CS #394), involving nine sites to examine the treatment effects of vitamin E on tardive dyskinesia. The six-step standardized process allowed for early detection of areas of concern in assessment administration. When comparing intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) at different points in the initial training, the Barnes Akathisia Scale and Anchored Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale reliability improved from 0.68 to 0.74 and from 0.54 to 0.87, respectively. After analyzing the ratings collected prior to the start of CS #394, data were collected to conduct the first check on Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) IRR during enrollment; the estimated ICC for the AIMS had decreased from 0.87 to 0.60. Raters were instructed to re-assess the subjects from the first videotape on the AIMS and received additional training. The re-rating indicated very good reliability, 0.84, IRR was measured once for the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale resulting in an ICC of 0.90. The companion article (Part II: Edson et al. 1997, page 59 of this issue) describes the statistical procedures used to measure IRR.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Interrater reliability issues in multicenter trials, Part II: Statistical procedures used in Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394.

The primary goal of Veterans Affairs (VA) Cooperative Study (CS) #394 is to determine if vitamin E is a safe and efficacious treatment for tardive dyskinesia (TD). The study uses various instruments to assess subjects for movement disorders (Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale [AIMS], and Barnes Akathisia Scale [BAS]), psychopathology (Anchored Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale [BPRS]), and level of functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning scale [GAF]). Since the study involves nine sites, each with its own set of raters, it is important to establish and maintain high interrater reliability (IRR) on these instruments throughout the study and to identify raters who differ significantly from the others. To make this determination, personnel at each site assessed subjects from standardized videotapes on the AIMS, BAS, and Anchored BPRS, and rated written vignettes on the GAF. We fit these data to a two-way additive model to identify nonstandardized raters (i.e., those whose average ratings were significantly lower or higher than the others, or those whose scores, after adjusting for subject and rater effects, were highly variable). The proportion of nonstandardized raters ranged from 7 percent (Anchored BPRS) to 33 percent (AIMS). The estimated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated moderate reliability for the AIMS, BAS, and Anchored BPRS (0.73 to 0.75) and excellent agreement for the GAF (0.90). The companion article (Part I: Tracy et al. 1997, page 53 of this issue) describes the procedures used to train the raters for this study.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1996

Antioxidant treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a frequently occurring side effect of treatment with neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs. TD is a persistent and often irreversible syndrome characterized by abnormal movements, including lingual and orofacial dyskinesia, grimacing, tics, choreic movements of the limbs and trunk, and athetosis and dystonia. In some patients the muscles of respiration and speech may also be involved. There is no established treatment for TD.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1995

The likelihood of recurrence in bipolar affective disorder: the importance of episode recency.

These analyses used a high-intensity follow-up of of patients with bipolar affective disorder to describe the immediate and long-term risks for recurrence and the importance of sustained recovery to those risks. At the baseline evaluation, all patients were in episodes of Research Diagnostic Criteria major depressive disorder, mania or schizoaffective disorder (excluding the mainly schizophrenic subtype); those who were depressed at intake had a history of mania or schizoaffective mania. Raters re-evaluated these patients at 6-month intervals for 5 years and annually for the remainder of a 10-year follow-up. The following report describes relapse risks for the 186 patients observed to recover from their index episodes. Survival analyses quantified the likelihood of relapse over time, beginning after symptom-free periods of 4 months and 1, 2 and 3 years. Further survival analyses used treatment status as a censoring variable to estimate the eventual likelihood of recurrence among those who reported sustained compliance with lithium prophylaxis; the prophylaxis group remained under observation until they relapsed, were lost to follow-up or ceased taking lithium. Progressively longer symptom-free periods were clearly associated with lower relapse risks over the subsequent 4 years. Thereafter, however, this effect dissipitated. 7 years after recovery, the cumulative likelihood of recurrence was four in five for all bipolar patients and two in three for those whose index episode had been followed by at least 3 years without symptoms. Even with sustained lithium prophylaxis, the likelihood of at least one recurrence exceeded 70% within 5 years of recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effect of sulindac on sporadic colonic polyps.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We sought to determine in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study if the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac causes regression of sporadic colonic polyps. The impetus for this study is the profound regressive effect of sulindac on polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis. METHODS: Asymptomatic patients undergoing routine screening flexible sigmoidoscopy were enrolled if they had polyps of < or = 1 cm in size. Of 162 patients screened, 22 patients were randomly enrolled to take 150 mg of sulindac twice daily, and 22 patients took a placebo. Treatment duration was 4 months and was followed by colonoscopy with removal of all polyps. RESULTS: Four patients were dropped from the study (sulindac group) due to urosepsis (1 patient), heartburn (2 patients), and anemia (1 patient). Compliance (determined by monthly pill counting), mean age, and the effect of sulindac vs. placebo on polyp regression or size were not statistically different in the two treatment groups. Analysis of our data indicated that there is only a 0.8% chance that the probability of polyp regression with sulindac is as large as 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Four months of treatment with sulindac does not result in a clinically significant regression of sporadic colonic polyps, although a small effect may not have been detected by the size of our study. Our data suggest that the biological response of sporadic and familial polyposis polyps to sulindac is different.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Multisite data reanalysis of the validity of rapid cycling as a course modifier for bipolar disorder in DSM-IV.

OBJECTIVE: The validity of rapid cycling as a distinct course modifier for bipolar disorder was assessed by comparing patients with and without a history of rapid cycling (4 or more affective episodes in 12 months) on demographic, clinical, family history, and outcome variables. These data were also used to formulate operational criteria for the modifier. METHOD: Data on subjects with rapid-cycling (N = 120) and nonrapid-cycling (N = 119) bipolar disorder from four sites were pooled and analyzed by using case-control and historical cohort methods. RESULTS: The rapid-cycling group contained more women and more subjects from higher social classes than the nonrapid-cycling group. Family history did not differ between the groups. The diagnosis had predictive validity in that the rapid-cycling patients had more episodes than the nonrapid-cycling patients during prospective follow-up. The relationship between gender and episode frequency supported the validity of the cutoff point of 4-8 episodes per year. The data regarding whether patients with rapid cycling based on truncated episodes more closely resembled rapid-cycling or nonrapid-cycling patients were equivocal. Patients whose only rapid cycling was associated with antidepressants resembled spontaneously rapid-cycling patients, while the majority of spontaneously rapid-cycling patients also had periods of antidepressant-associated rapid cycling. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of rapid cycling as a distinct course modifier for bipolar disorder is supported by differences in gender, prospectively assessed outcome, and perhaps social class between rapid-cycling and nonrapid-cycling patients. The relationship of gender to episode frequency supports the cutoff of 4 or more episodes per year.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comorbidity of panic and major depressive disorder.

The objective of this report is to determine whether those patients with panic disorder who have current major depression disorder (MDD) differ from those who do not in terms of demographics, comorbid disorders, severity of illness, nature of symptoms of panic attacks and psychosocial functioning. The sample consisted of 182 patients with current or history of panic disorder measured by standardized interview techniques. For analysis these patients were then divided by presence or absence of current MDD. The two groups were not different in age, sex, or marital status, age of onset, or symptom characteristics of panic attacks. However, patients with MDD were more likely to have Social Phobia and Generalized Anxiety Disorder, been hospitalized, made suicide attempts or gestures, have poorer psychosocial functioning, and currently be experiencing panic with more severe symptoms. These findings are discussed in terms of previous literature in the area.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The Hamilton scales and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-90). A cross-national validity study in patients with panic disorders.

The HRSD, HRSA, SCL-90 scales were psychometrically investigated in a cross-national sample of patients with varieties of non-psychotic symptoms of anxiety and depression. Across the cultural backgrounds the scores obtained from the original versions of these scales are not sufficient statistics. However, latent structure analysis has identified homogeneous subscales for depression (the HRSD) and for discomfort (an SCL subscale). High concurrent validity was found between the subscales of depression, anxiety and discomfort. In international research, inhomogeneity among scale items can be confounded with group differences which are usually ascribed to drug differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Monoamines in the brain cerebrospinal fluid of facial pain patients.

The purpose of the study was to assay monoamines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from the trigeminal cistern of 64 patients with intractable facial pain. The CSF was analyzed for homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), end-product markers of activity for the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine systems, respectively. HVA averaged 121 ng/mL in these facial pain patients, compared to 150 to 550 ng/mL in 10 studies of ventricular brain CSF in assorted psychiatric and pain patients. 5-HIAA averaged 29 to ng/mL in our facial pain patients compared to 60 to 120 ng/mL in nine studies of ventricular brain CSF in assorted psychiatric and neurological patients. Trigeminal cistern CSF MHPG averaged 9 ng/mL, similar to the range of 13 studies of lumbar CSF of assorted psychiatric and pain diagnoses. These results indicate that (1) the electrochemical detection method provides a unique way of accurately measuring nanogram concentrations of multiple monoamines in a little as 0.25 mL of CSF; (2) trigeminal cistern and posterior fossa brain CSF monoamine metabolites reflect a different profile of dopaminergic and serotonergic functioning in these facial pain patients from that previously reported with lumbar CSF measurements of other patients; and (3) trigeminal sensory ganglion or brain dopamine and serotonin systems may be concomitantly dysfunctional in intractable facial pain.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Avoidance behaviour: a predictor of the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in panic disorder?

The impact of the avoidance behaviour on the psychopharmacological treatment of panic disorder was explored in the Cross National Collaborative Panic Study (n = 1134 patients); in this double blind randomized trial alprazolam, imipramine and placebo were compared during an 8-week treatment period. Patients with extensive avoidance behaviour (agoraphobia) had the most profit from the active drugs. Counter expectancy these specific drug effects were most pronounced in avoidance behaviour. Active drugs (in particular imipramine) were especially more effective than placebo if the patients presented with associated avoidance behaviour. The results suggest that agoraphobia defines more a particular type of anxiety disorder overlapping with panic disorder than merely a severe state of panic disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Affective syndromes, psychotic features, and prognosis. I. Depression.

Prognosis is an important issue among patients who have psychotic features and a depressive syndrome; some have outcomes that suggest diagnostic revisions to schizophrenia, and this has far-reaching implications for treatment. To explore this issue, we used biannual evaluations to follow up 103 such individuals for 5 years. Patients with Research Diagnostic Criteria schizoaffective disorder experienced substantially more morbidity of various sorts than did patients with Research Diagnostic Criteria psychotic major depression. Within the group with schizoaffective disorder, patients with the chronic subtype experienced more morbidity than did those with nonchronic schizoaffective disorder; the mainly affective--mainly schizophrenic distinction had less prognostic significance. Factors that predicted sustained delusions at the end of follow-up were exclusively historical and suggested a poor-outcome prototype patient who is single, was socially impaired as an adolescent, and has a history of schizophrenialike psychotic features temporarily dissociated from affective symptoms.

Adult↗