Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

P Karoly

Publications and source records attributed to P Karoly.

31 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Assessing assertion in the elderly: an application of the behavioral-analytic model of competence.

This study developed a behavioral measure of assertiveness for older adults. The behavioral assessment device was developed by use of procedures outlined by Goldfried and D'Zurilla (1969) and Price and Bouffard (1974). Four assertion-appropriate situations for older adults were developed. The situations were administered to 33 Ss. Their responses were scored two ways, for overall assertion and content assertion. Generalizability of the device was examined. Reliability of judges' ratings (for assertion and content) was high, as was test-retest reliability. Assertion was shown to be situation-specific since estimated individual by situation uninerse variance was relatively hight. The assessment device showed significant concurrent validity, although the evidence for construct validity was minimal. Despite the rigorousness of the methods involved, the behavioral-analytic model of competence (Goldfried & D'Zurilla, 1969) has both theoretical and practical advantages in constructing other assessment devices for the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivation and expectancy factors in symptom perception: a laboratory study of the placebo effect.

Placebos are widely recognized as having a potentially powerful effect on health and health behavior, yet our understanding of the placebo phenomenon is limited. Many factors are considered to be associated with placebo responding. This study was designed to examine, in a laboratory context, the effects of two of these factors, motivation and expectation, on one kind of placebo response, that which involves the perception of symptoms. The results point to the importance of motivation in influencing the perception of symptom change, and provide limited support for the importance of expectation. The findings underscore the necessity for examining placebo effects from a multicomponent perspective, and appear to mandate the inclusion of both expectancy and motivation factors in future process and outcome studies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Control theory and multiple placebo effects.

The importance of the placebo in medicine is well documented, yet our understanding of placebo effects remains limited. One obstacle to a greater understanding is the fact that the phrase "placebo effect" has been used to refer to a number of qualitatively distinct behavioral events. Thus, different theories have been promulgated, each one tending to explain a selective portion of the placebo phenomenon. To help clarify matters, three kinds of placebo effects are described, and theories that have been used to explain them are reviewed. Limitations of these theories are then discussed, and a general model of placebo effects, based on a control theory perspective, is presented. Some implications and limitations of this model are outlined.

Attention↗