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Biomedical subjects

P K Jain

Publications and source records attributed to P K Jain.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

A set of cattle microsatellite DNA markers for genome analysis of riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

One hundred and eight microsatellite primer pairs, originally identified from cattle, were evaluated for their applicability in buffalo. Eighty-one primer pairs (75%) amplified discrete products, and of these, 61 pairs (56%) gave polymorphic band patterns on a panel of 25 buffaloes. The mean number of alleles per polymorphic marker was 4.50 +/- 0.20, and the mean heterozygosity per polymorphic marker was 0.66 +/- 0.02. Successful genotyping of buffaloes using cattle specific primers suggests that the latter can be a valuable resource for genome analysis in bubaline species.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Anterior communicating artery aneurysm in a 3-year-old girl.

Intracranial aneurysms are rarely present in the paediatric age group, and such aneurysms within the anterior circulation are even more rare. Intracranial aneurysms in children differ from adult aneurysms in size, distribution, and incidence of symptoms. We report a 3-year-old girl with an anterior communicating artery aneurysm, who presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage. The patient underwent a pterional craniotomy and clipping of the aneurysm. The postoperative period was uneventful. We review the literature and discuss the characteristics of aneurysms in early childhood.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed2001

Tandem plasmapheresis and hemodialysis.

Many patients requiring plasmapheresis (PE) have renal failure and also need hemodialysis. If done separately almost 6-7 h is required. Hence, we decided to perform the procedures simultaneously in those patients requiring both PE and hemodialysis. The plasmafilter was inserted into the extracorporeal circuit after the hemodialyzer. A total of 8 such sessions of tandem PE and hemodialysis were performed in 2 patients. This is called tandem PE/hemodialysis. The total procedure was completed in the same time as is required for routine hemodialysis. The total amount of priming fluid is also less when PE and hemodialysis are performed separately. Thus, it is economically beneficial to the hospital and also convenient to the patient. Apart from transient episodes of hypotension, which were corrected by saline infusion, no other complications were noted.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hyperkinetic movement disorders caused by corpus striatum infarcts: brain MRI/CT findings in three cases.

Three patients with hemichorea/hemiballismus/hemidystonia caused by discrete contralateral infarction of the corpus striatum are presented. The infarcts were all small on CT or MRI brain scan and were lacunar in type. Small discrete infarction of basal ganglionic structures allows such adventitious movements to be manifested. Involvement of contiguous areas, seen with larger infarcts, can suppress such movements. The infrequency of such hyperkinetic movement disorders, and the subtle infarct appearance on brain scan, can lead to a delay in the diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Bone changes during simulated weightlessness in rats.

Weightless environment due to prolonged Space mission results in decreased mineralisation of the weight bearing bones. Hind limb unweighting (HU) in rats by tail suspension was used to simulate the effect of weightlessness on tibia. Adult male albino rats were divided into two groups as (i) Control (CON, n = 12) and (ii) HU for 15 days (HU, n = 18). After 15 days of HU tibia from all the animals were removed and subsequently dried and ashed. The calcium content of these bones were then determined. HU resulted in atrophic changes in the weight bearing bone, tibia, due to the reductions of water content (-35.8%), organic matrix (-12.2%) and calcium content (-33.4%). The reduction in the dry wt of tibia (-13.5%) was due to proportionate reductions in the organic matrix and total mineral content of the bone. The reduction in the mineral content was solely due to the reduction in calcium content of the bone.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Predominant phage types of coagulase positive staphylococci in hospital infections.

360 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical specimens were subjected to bacteriophage typing. 247(68.6%) strains were typable. Among the typable strains 75(20.83%) belonged to phage group I, 45(12.5%) belonged to phage group III, 6(1.67%) belonged to phage group II and 14(3.89%) strains belonged to miscellaneous group. By far, the largest was the mixed group having 107(29.72%) strains. 113 strains (31.4%) were untypable. All the strains were tested for antibiotic sensitivity test. 287 (79.7%) were multiple drug resistant strains.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1998

The psbO gene for 33-kDa precursor polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving complex in Arabidopsis thaliana--nucleotide sequence and control of its expression.

The 33-kDa polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II is nuclear-encoded. The single psbO gene of Arabidopsis thaliana, as suggested by Southern hybridization, has been isolated from the genomic library and sequenced. The sequence analysis has revealed that the psbO gene harbors two introns and encodes a precursor polypeptide of 332 amino acid residues; the first 85 amino acid residues represent the transit peptide and the following 247 amino acids constitute the mature polypeptide. The hydrophilic nature of the 33-kDa protein is confirmed by the presence of 27% charged residues. Northern analysis of the total RNA from Arabidopsis indicates that a 1.2-kb transcript represents the psbO gene. It is expressed in a tissue-specific manner -- the steady-state transcript levels being highest in the leaves and virtually undetectable in the roots. Also, expression of the psbO gene is development-dependent and regulated by light in young Arabidopsis seedlings. In a constitutively photomorphogenic mutant of Arabidopsis, pho2 (plumular hook open 2), the psbO gene is de-repressed in young, dark-grown seedlings, resulting in increased transcript abundance compared to the wild-type. These studies, thus, define the influence of at least one regulatory component for psbO expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

A gene for recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness (DFNB18) maps to the chromosomal region 11p14-p15.1 containing the Usher syndrome type 1C gene.

Autosomal recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness segregating in a large consanguineous Indian family was mapped to chromosome 11p14-p15.1 defining a new locus, DFNB18. A maximum lod score of 4.4 at theta = 0 was obtained for the polymorphic micro-satellite marker D11S1888. Haplotype analysis localizes this gene between markers D11S1307 and D11S2368, which is approximately 1.6 cM and encompasses the region of Usher syndrome type 1C (USH1C). We postulate that DFNB18 and USH1C are allelic variants of the same gene.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1998

Amebic liver abscess with jaundice.

A case of an amebic liver abscess with unusual clinical manifestations is presented. A middle-aged male with an abscess in both lobes of the liver presented with obstructive jaundice due to pressure on the porta hepatis with stasis of the bile in the intrahepatic biliary radicals. The patient did not respond to repeated needle aspirations and thus required open drainage. Subsequently, the patient developed a biliary leak through the drainage sites, and an injection of contrast dye into the cavity revealed a communication between the abscess cavities and the biliary tree. The biliary leak stopped spontaneously, and the large cavities also closed completely during the followup period.

Biliary Tract↗
PubMed1998

Omphalopagus parasite: a rare congenital anomaly.

Omphalopagus parasite is a very rare congenital anomaly. Presented here is a case in which an extra truncus was attached to an infant in the region of the epigastrium. The truncus had well-formed extremities, an abdomen, and a hypoplastic thorax. The infant had a small omphalocoele in addition to the truncus. Surgery performed in the neonatal period helped to achieve a successful separation of the truncus from the host.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Genetic mapping refines DFNB3 to 17p11.2, suggests multiple alleles of DFNB3, and supports homology to the mouse model shaker-2.

The nonsyndromic congenital recessive deafness gene, DFNB3, first identified in Bengkala, Bali, was mapped to a approximately 12-cM interval on chromosome 17. New short tandem repeats (STRs) and additional DNA samples were used to identify recombinants that constrain the DFNB3 interval to less, similar6 cM on 17p11.2. Affected individuals from Bengkala and affected members of a family with hereditary deafness who were from Bila, a village neighboring Bengkala, were homozygous for the same alleles for six adjacent STRs in the DFNB3 region and were heterozygous for other distal markers, thus limiting DFNB3 to an approximately 3-cM interval. Nonsyndromic deafness segregating in two unrelated consanguineous Indian families, M21 and I-1924, were also linked to the DFNB3 region. Haplotype analysis indicates that the DFNB3 mutations in the three pedigrees most likely arose independently and suggests that DFNB3 makes a significant contribution to hereditary deafness worldwide. On the basis of conserved synteny, mouse deafness mutations shaker-2 (sh2) and sh2J are proposed as models of DFNB3. Genetic mapping has refined sh2 to a 0.6-cM interval of chromosome 11. Three homologous genes map within the sh2 and DFNB3 intervals, suggesting that sh2 is the homologue of DFNB3.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia: experience in a developing country.

We present our experience with the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) for the prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia in 415 pregnancies of 360 women. Five mutations of the beta-thalassaemia gene common in Asian Indians accounted for 89.2 per cent and rare mutations for 7.2 per cent of all mutant chromosomes, while 3.3 per cent of chromosomes remained uncharacterized. Identical mutations were present in both parents in 43.2 per cent of cases, due to caste-based marriages in India. A confirmed diagnosis was given in 401 (98.3 per cent) cases, of which a complete diagnosis (whether the fetus was normal, a carrier, or homozygous) was possible in 391 (94.2 per cent) of the cases. In 15 couples, the mutation was identified in only one parent. In nine of these, the identified mutation was not present in the fetus, predicting normal/carrier status, while in five the identified mutation was present in the fetus, suggesting carrier/affected status. The abortion rate was 3.9 per cent. Pitfalls in diagnosis were failure of oligonucleotides to work, maternal contamination, and false paternity. The ARMS provides an inexpensive, robust and non-isotopic method for the prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia in India. Recommendations are outlined for establishing a prenatal diagnostic service in developing countries.

DNA↗
PubMed1997

Regional distribution of beta-thalassemia mutations in India.

We have characterized the mutations in 1050 carriers of the beta-thalassemia gene and analyzed their regional distribution in India. The majority of beta-thalassemia carriers were migrants from Pakistan and their pattern of mutations differed from the rest. The frequency of the 619-bp deletion was 33.3% among the migrants from Pakistan, 8-17% in the northern states, and less than 5% in the other states. Among non-migrant subjects, the predominant mutation was IVS-I-5 (G-->C), varying from 85% in the southern states and 66-70% in the eastern states to 47-60% in the northern states. The mutation IVS-I-1 (G-->T) was observed at high frequency among the migrants from Pakistan (26.2%), but with very low/zero frequency in the other states. Mutations at codons 8/9 (+G) and codons 41/42 (-CTTT) were distributed in all regions of India with a frequency varying from 3% to 15%. Only eight of 12 published rare mutations were observed in subjects from different parts of India. Mutations of codon 5 (-CT) and codons 47/48 (+ATCT) were found exclusively in migrants from Pakistan, and mutation -88 (C-->T) was detected only in subjects from Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Using the amplification refractory mutation system technique, mutations were successfully identified in 98.2% of subjects. Overall, 91.8% of the subjects had one of the five commonest mutations [IVS-I-5 (G-->C), 34.1%; 619-bp deletion, 21.0%; IVS-I-1 (G-->T) 15.8%; codons 8/9 (+G), 12.1%, and codons 41/42 (-CTTT), 8.7%], 5.9% of the subjects had a less common mutation, while 1.8% of the carriers remained uncharacterized. The application of this knowledge has helped to successfully establish a program of genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in order to reduce the burden of this disease in India.

Codon↗
PubMed1997

Management options for solitary thyroid nodules in an endemic goitrous area.

An analysis of management of 546 cases of solitary thyroid nodules in an endemic area is presented. None of the evaluating procedures could effectively isolate benign from malignant disease. Of 508 cases considered clinically to be benign, 42 harboured malignancy on histological examination whereas of the 38 cases suspected clinically to be malignant, 21 were histologically benign. 131I-Thyroid scanning also lacked sensitivity in identifying malignant nodules since the prevalence of malignancy in cases which were 'cold' (44/316) was not significantly different from that amongst the 'uniform' cases (15/142). Fine-needle aspiration cytology, although the most sensitive and specific evaluating modality, did not decrease the number of operations for solitary thyroid nodules nor did it increase the incidence of malignancy amongst the operated cases, because of its limitations in differentiating benign from malignant follicular neoplasms. The conditions under which surgery was advocated are described.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1997

Physiological properties of rat hind limb muscles after 15 days of simulated weightless environment.

Weightlessness during space mission results in atrophic changes in those muscles which have maximum weight bearing function and consist primarily of slow twitch fibres. In the present study an animal model was designed to evaluate the effects of 15 days of hindlimb unloading (HU) in rats by tail suspension on the (i) weight of gastrocnemius (G), plantaris (P), both predominantly having fast twitch fibres and soleus (S) muscle, predominantly having fast twitch fibres and (ii) contractile properties viz peak twitch contraction (Pt) and peak tetanic contraction (Po) of GPS muscle. HU rats showed significant weight reductions of G (-17.9%), P (-13.3%) and S (-41.2%) muscles. Pt and Po were also reduced in HU group but when these were expressed per gm of GPS muscle, no significant changes in Pt and Po were observed. These findings confirm that HU in rats result in maximum atrophic change in those muscles which have predominantly slow twitch fibres and reductions in contractile properties of muscles are in proportion to reduction in muscle weight. Also, HU by tail suspension provides a good ground based model for developing the deconditioning of muscles as applicable to weightlessness of space and offers a scope for the development of various countermeasures.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Preliminary experience with use of a selective 5HT3 receptor antagonist (ondansetron) to prevent high dose chemotherapy induced emesis.

Ondansetron was used as an antiemetic along with dexamethasone during 16 cycles of highly or moderately ematogenic chemotherapy. There was major control in two cycles and complete control in the remaining 14. Side effects were minor and did not require discontinuation of the drug. This combination, therefore, appears to be safe and effective in preventing chemotherapy induced emesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Development of piezoelectric crystal based microgravimetric immunoassay for determination of insulin concentration.

A microgravimetric, piezoelectric crystal based immunoassay for the quantification of insulin concentration is described. The method utilizes a modified piezoelectric crystal device having an antibody specific to insulin bound to its surface. The antibody to insulin was immobilized on the surface of crystal electrode by using either 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (3-APTES), polyethyleneimine (PEI) or covalently coupled protein A-gold immobilization method. Coating an electrode with a cross linked protein A-antibody complex gave better results in terms of sensitivity and stability. Using the system described, the insulin concentration up to 1 ng ml-1 could be detected. The stability and reusability of the system was further improved by using a mild eluting reagent which successfully removed the bound insulin molecules from the antibody-coated crystal without affecting the immobilized insulin antibody. Scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) study was also done to confirm the surface coverage and orientation of insulin and antibody molecules on the modified piezoelectric crystal electrode surface. A comparison between the present study and the well-established radioimmunoassay technique (RIA) revealed that the described microgravimetric immunoassay technique (MIA) could successfully be developed as an alternative of RIA.

Biosensing Techniques↗