EMS & the domestic violence patient: a report card of existing policy, protocol & training.
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Clinical Protocols↗
Biomedical subjects
P Jones
Publications and source records attributed to P Jones.
Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on lipid levels and peroxisome proliferation in the hamster.
Effects of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers cis-9, trans-11 (c9,t11 CLA) and trans-10, cis-12 (t10,c12 CLA) on lipid metabolism and markers of peroxisome proliferation were investigated in hamsters fed on purified diets containing 30% energy as fat and 0.1 g cholesterol/kg for 8 weeks. Four groups (n 32 each) received diets without CLA (control), with a mixture of equal amounts of c9,t11 and t10,c12 CLA (CLA mix), with c9,t11 CLA, and with t10,c12 CLA. The total amount of CLA isomers was 1.5% energy of 6.6g/ kg diet. CLA was incorporated into glycerides and exchanged for linoleic acid in the diet. Compared with the control, the CLA mix and t10,c12 CLA decreased fasting values of LDL- (21 and 18% respectively) and HDL-cholesterol (8 and 11%), increased VLDL-triacylglycerol (80 and 61%, and decreased epididymal fat pad weights (9 and 16%), whereas c9,t11 CLA had no significant effects. All CLA preparations increased liver weight, but not liver lipids. However, the increase in liver weight was much less in the c9,t11 CLA group (8%) than in the other two groups (25%) and might have been caused by the small amount of t10,c12 CLA present in the c9,t11 CLA preparation. Liver histology revealed that increased weight was due to hypertrophy. Markers of peroxisome proliferation, such as cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl CoA oxidase (EC 1.3.3.6) and carnitine acetyl transferase (EC 2.3.1.7) activities, were not increased by CLA. Both c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA were incorporated into phospholipids and triacylglycerols, but t10,c12 CLA only about half as much as c9,t11 CLA. In addition, linoleic acid and linolenic acid concentrations were lower in lipids of the t10,c12 CLA group compared with the c9,t11 CLA group. These data suggest that t10,c12 CLA stimulated the oxidation of all C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The results indicate that the t10,c12 CLA isomer, and not the so-called natural CLA isomer (c9,t11), is the active isomer affecting lipid levels in hamsters.
Adipose Tissue↗
Stromal expression of Jagged 1 promotes colony formation by fetal hematopoietic progenitor cells.
The Notch signaling system regulates proliferation and differentiation in many tissues. Notch is a transmembrane receptor activated by ligands expressed on adjacent cells. Hematopoietic stem cells and early progenitors express Notch, making the stromal cells which form cell-cell contacts with progenitor cells candidate ligand-presenting cells in the hematopoietic microenvironment. Therefore, we examined primary stromal cell cultures for expression of Notch ligands. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting, we demonstrate expression of Jagged 1 in primary stromal cultures. To investigate if the stromal expression of Jagged 1 has functional effects on hematopoietic progenitors, we cultured CD34(+), c-kit+ hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from the aorto gonadal mesonephros region of day 11 mouse embryos on the Jagged 1(-) stromal cell line S17 and on S17 cells engineered to express Jagged 1. The presence of Jagged 1 increased the number of colonies formed in subsequent methylcellulose culture fourfold. Larger increases in colony numbers were observed under the same culture conditions with CD34(+), c-kit+ hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from d11 fetal liver. These results obtained in vitro table Jagged 1 as a candidate regulator of stem cell fate in the context of stromal microenvironments in vivo.
Animals↗
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2-pyrazinylcarboxamidobenzoates and beta-ionylideneacetamidobenzoates with retinoidal activity.
The structure-activity relationships of two series of novel retinoids (2-pyrazinylcarboxamidobenzoates and beta-ionylideneacetamidobenzoates) have been investigated by evaluating their ability to induce differentiation in both human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells and mouse embryonal carcinoma (P19) cells. The most active compound (ED50 = 8.3 x 10(-9) M) of the 2-pyrazinylcarboxamidobenzoates is 4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8, 8-tetramethylquinoxalyl)carboxamido]benzoic acid (9u), while the most active analogue of the beta-ionylideneacetamidobenzoates is 4-[3-methyl-5-(2',6',6'-trimethyl-1'-cyclohexen-1'-yl)-(2E, 4E)-pentadienamido]benzoic acid (10a, ED50 = 3.2 x 10(-8) M). Our studies identify an absolute requirement for the carboxylic acid moiety on the aromatic ring to be para relative to the amide linkage for activity. Benzoate substitutions in the ortho position relative to the terminal carboxylate (9d,k,r) are well-tolerated; however, a methoxy substituent meta relative to the terminal carboxylate gives rise to only weakly active analogues (9x). Conformational studies (NMR, X-ray crystallography) of the 2-pyrazinylcarboxamidobenzoates indicate that the preferred conformation exhibits a trans-amide bond and an internal hydrogen bond between the quinoxaline N1 and HN amide which locks the torsional angle between C2 and CO in the s-trans conformation. N-Methylation (9y) results in loss of activity. Studies indicate that there is now a cis-amide bond present which redirects the carboxylate toward the pharmacophoric gem-dimethyl groups. The distance between the gem-dimethyl group and the terminal carboxylate appears to be too short to activate the retinoid receptor. N-Methylation in the beta-ionylideneacetamidobenzoate series (10c) also results in the formation of a cis-amide bond and loss of activity.
Animals↗
Early reduction of immune activation in lymphoid tissue following highly active HIV therapy.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate immune reconstitution within HIV-infected lymphoid tissue during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). DESIGN AND METHODS: In situ cellular responses were studied in sequential tonsillar biopsies in three asymptomatic HIV-infected (CD4 cells greater than 400 x 10(6)/l) antiretroviral treatment-naive volunteers enrolled in a clinical trial to determine the early effect of HAART. Computerized image analysis was used to study immunohistochemically stained sequential tonsil sections for the patterns of local cytokine production, chemokine receptor expression and cellular distribution. Replicate quantitative assessments of samples before and after 4 weeks of therapy were used for the evaluation of drug effects and compared with four uninfected controls. Tonsillar HIV proviral-DNA was determined by fluorescent in situ 5'-nuclease assay. RESULTS: HIV-infected tonsil tissue was characterized by extensive pro-inflammatory and type 1 cytokine expression. A five- to 15-fold elevation of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-12, IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma protein expression was found compared with controls, and each encompassed a mean of at least 4.5% of the tissue compartment. This was reduced by 20-90% in all individuals after 4 weeks of HAART. In contrast, type 2 cytokine expression (IL-4, IL-10), plus tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, remained low throughout the study. HAART reduced, by 40%, the expression of HIV co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, which initially were elevated four to six times over the control values. In addition, the myelomonocytic inflammatory proteins, CD68 and calprotectin, diminished by 26-83% after therapy. The HIV RNA was reduced to undetectable levels in plasma by HAART. However, a large pool of tonsil cells (2-7%), remained HIV DNA positive after 4 weeks of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Although immune activation may be the direct consequence of HIV replication, HAART-associated reconstitution begins with a reduction in inflammatory cytokine production which precedes the elimination of local proviral reservoirs.
Anti-HIV Agents↗
Chemotactic properties of angiopoietin-1 and -2, ligands for the endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2.
Angiopoietin-1 and its putative natural antagonist, angiopoietin-2, were recently isolated, and the critical role of angiopoietin-1 in embryogenic angiogenesis was demonstrated by targeted gene disruption. Specific biological effects of angiopoietin-1, however, have yet to be defined. In this study we demonstrate that angiopoietin-1, but not angiopoietin-2, is chemotactic for endothelial cells. In contrast, angiopoietin-1 as well as angiopoietin-2 exhibit no proliferative effect on endothelial cells. Excess soluble Tie2, but not Tie1 receptor, abolish the chemotactic response of endothelial cells toward angiopoietin-1. Angiopoietin-2 dose-dependently blocks directed migration toward angiopoietin-1, consistent with the role of angiopoietin-2 as a naturally occurring inhibitor of angiopoietin-1. Fibroblasts stably transfected with Tie2 receptor exhibit chemotactic responses for both angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2. Fibroblasts stably expressing a transfected chimeric receptor consisting of the ectodomain of TrkC fused to the cytoplasmic domain of Tie2 also exhibit a chemotactic response to neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), a specific ligand for TrkC. Endothelial cells are shown to express angiopoietin-2 mRNA and protein, indicating the potential for autocrine activation of angiopoietin/Tie2. Finally, the demonstration that Tie2 as well as angiopoietin-1 are expressed in normal human arteries and veins suggests that the role of angiopoietin/Tie2 may extend beyond embryonic angiogenesis to maintaining integrity of the adult vasculature.
Adult↗
Expression of an antibody fragment at high levels in the bacterial cytoplasm.
Recombinant antibody fragments expressed in the cytoplasm of cells have considerable practical potential. However in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm, the intradomain disulphide bonds are not formed and the fragments are unstable and expressed in low yields. Here we attempted to overcome these limitations. We first isolated an antibody single chain Fv fragment that binds and activates an inactive mutant beta-galactosidase. We then subjected the gene encoding the scFv fragment to random mutation in vitro by error-prone polymerase chain reaction, and co-expressed the mutant beta-galactosidase and mutant antibody fragments in lac- bacteria. By plating on limiting lactose, we selected for antibody mutants with improved expression, and after four successive rounds of mutation and selection, isolated an antibody fragment that is expressed in the bacterial cytoplasm with yields of 0.5 g/l in a shaker flask (A600 nm of 5.5) and 3.1 g/l (A600 nm=33) in a fermentor. Analysis of the mutant antibody fragments revealed that the disulphide bonds are reduced in the cytoplasm, and that the fragments could be denatured and renatured efficiently under reducing conditions in vitro. This shows that with a suitable method of screening or selection, it is possible to make folded and functional antibody fragments in excellent yield in the cytoplasm.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A synthetic all D-amino acid peptide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of HIV-1 gp41 recognizes the wild-type fusion peptide in the membrane and inhibits HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated cell fusion.
Recent studies demonstrated that a synthetic fusion peptide of HIV-1 self-associates in phospholipid membranes and inhibits HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated cell fusion, presumably by interacting with the N-terminal domain of gp41 and forming inactive heteroaggregates [Kliger, Y., Aharoni, A., Rapaport, D., Jones, P., Blumenthal, R. & Shai, Y. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13496-13505]. Here, we show that a synthetic all D-amino acid peptide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of HIV-1 gp41 (D-WT) of HIV-1 associates with its enantiomeric wild-type fusion (WT) peptide in the membrane and inhibits cell fusion mediated by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. D-WT does not inhibit cell fusion mediated by the HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein. WT and D-WT are equally potent in inducing membrane fusion. D-WT peptide but not WT peptide is resistant to proteolytic digestion. Structural analysis showed that the CD spectra of D-WT in trifluoroethanol/water is a mirror image of that of WT, and attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed similar structures and orientation for the two enantiomers in the membrane. The results reveal that the chirality of the synthetic peptide corresponding to the HIV-1 gp41 N-terminal sequence does not play a role in liposome fusion and that the peptides' chirality is not necessarily required for peptide-peptide interaction within the membrane environment. Furthermore, studies along these lines may provide criteria to design protease-resistant therapeutic agents against HIV and other viruses.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES study)
The objective of this multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, 8-week study was to evaluate the comparative dose efficacy of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor atorvastatin 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg compared with simvastatin 10, 20, and 40 mg, pravastatin 10, 20, and 40 mg, lovastatin 20, 40, and 80 mg, and fluvastatin 20 and 40 mg. Investigators enrolled 534 hypercholesterolemic patients (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol > or = 160 mg/dl [4.2 mmol/L] and triglycerides < or = 400 mg/dl [4.5 mmol/L]). The efficacy end points were mean percent change in plasma LDL cholesterol (primary), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations from baseline to the end of treatment (week 8). Atorvastatin 10, 20, and 40 mg produced greater (p < or = 0.01) reductions in LDL cholesterol, -38%, -46%, and -51%, respectively, than the milligram equivalent doses of simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin. Atorvastatin 10 mg produced LDL cholesterol reductions comparable to or greater than (p < or = 0.02) simvastatin 10, 20, and 40 mg, pravastatin 10, 20, and 40 mg, lovastatin 20 and 40 mg, and fluvastatin 20 and 40 mg. Atorvastatin 10, 20, and 40 mg produced greater (p < or = 0.01) reductions in total cholesterol than the milligram equivalent doses of simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin. All reductase inhibitors studied had similar tolerability. There were no incidences of persistent elevations in serum transaminases or myositis.
Adolescent↗
Obstetric complications and familial morbid risk of psychiatric disorders.
Obstetric complications (OCs) have been found to occur in higher frequency in patients with schizophrenia. One explanation for this finding is that the genes that contribute to the schizophrenia phenotype also influence the likelihood to experience OCs. If this were true, morbid risk of psychiatric illness should be higher in the first-degree relatives of both schizophrenic and control probands exposed to OCs, compared to probands not exposed to OCs. We set out to test this hypothesis. Information on OCs, blind to family history of psychiatric disorder, was collected retrospectively through maternal interview in 151 psychotic patients and 100 controls. Family history (FH) in relatives of cases (n = 600) and controls (n = 461) was assessed with the FH-RDC and through personal interviews. Tests for associations between family history and OCs were conducted using Cox proportional hazard regression. In the cases, familial morbid risk of affective disorder was greater in those with a history of OCs (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.9, P = 0.007). Analyses examining individual complications revealed associations between FH of affective disorder and pre-eclampsia (HR = 2.9, P = 0.003) and FH of affective disorder and breech presentation (HR = 2.8, P = 0.02), especially when family history in the relatives was confined to affective illness in the mother (HR pre-eclampsia = 4.4, P = 0.009; HR breech-presentation = 4.2, P = 0.008). In controls, affective illness in the mother was not only associated with breech presentation (HR = 7.0, P = 0.01) and pre-eclampsia (HR = 4.4, P = 0.03) but also with other complications. Familial morbid risk of schizophrenia and related psychoses was not associated with OCs. The positive associations between OCs and familial morbid risk of affective disorder suggest that the factors that contribute to familial aggregation of affective symptoms in psychotic patients also influence the likelihood to experience OCs. Although the proportion of OCs that could be attributed to these factors was very small, part of the relationship between family history of affective disorder and psychosis may be mediated by OCs.
Age of Onset↗
Antibody screening of bacteriophage lambda gt-11 DNA expression libraries.
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Animals↗
Display of antibody chains on filamentous bacteriophage.
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Animals↗
Risk factors for onset and persistence of psychosis.
Clinical practice, training and evaluation of treatment in the functional psychoses continues to be carried out mostly along the traditional line of separation by diagnostic entity. However, the combined evidence from research on risk factors for onset and for persistence of psychotic illness indicates quantitative, but not qualitative, differences between categories of schizophrenia and affective psychosis. "Developmental" factors, such as childhood dysfunction, increased cerebral ventricle size and familial morbid risk of schizophrenia operate preferentially, though not specifically, at that end of the psychopathological spectrum characterised by a preponderance of negative features. On the other hand, "social" factors, such as ethnic group, adverse life events and familial morbid risk of affective disorder have a larger impact at the end associated with predominance of affective features. Heterogeneity in the functional psychoses may thus be best conceived as two discrete effects operating at different ends of a continuous psychopathological spectrum. The use of highly reliable but arbitrary diagnostic categories may introduce serious bias in aetiological and treatment research. Evidence supporting the validity of a model of shared risk factors for continuous characteristics needs to be further elaborated and incorporated into our concepts of psychotic illness.
Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
High-dose (2000-microgram) intravitreous ganciclovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis.
OBJECTIVE: The authors prospectively studied visual outcome, relapse, complications, and survival of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) treated with high-dose intravitreous ganciclovir (2 mg/0.1 ml) injections. The outcomes were compared with those of patients treated with standard doses of intravenous ganciclovir in the same institution. The histopathologic and electrophysiologic effects of high-dose intravitreous ganciclovir injections in rabbits also were studied. DESIGN: A nonrandomized case series. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 42 patients (74 eyes) were treated with intravitreous injections and 18 patients (27 eyes) were treated with intravenous ganciclovir. Five eyes of three New Zealand white rabbits were injected with ganciclovir, and the sixth eye was a control specimen. INTERVENTION: Patients treated with intravitreous injections received twice-weekly doses of 2 mg/0.1 ml ganciclovir for 3 weeks, then weekly injections. Patients treated with intravenous ganciclovir received standard doses. Patients were monitored with regular examinations. Rabbit eyes were given intravitreous injections of 1 mg/0.1 ml of ganciclovir weekly for 4 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessments of vision, retinal inflammation, and survival were made. Electroretinograms were performed on the rabbit eyes, and they were processed for light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: In the intravitreous group, visual acuity (VA) was stable in 64 of 74 eyes, 5 improved, and 5 deteriorated. Sixty-three (85%) of 74 eyes had final VA of 20/20 to 20/40. Relapse occurred in five eyes (7%; median time, 42 weeks). There were three cases of endophthalmitis. Median survival after diagnosis of CMV retinitis was 36 weeks. In the intravenous group, VA was stable in 18 eyes, 0 improved, and 9 deteriorated. Sixteen (59%) of 27 eyes had final VA of 20/20 to 20/40. Relapse occurred in 15 eyes (56%) at a median time of 21 weeks. Median survival was 21 weeks. The rabbit studies showed no evidence of toxicity. CONCLUSION: High-dose intravitreous ganciclovir effectively suppressed CMV retinitis, preserved vision, and prevented relapse without deterioration in survival.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
The new epidemiology of schizophrenia.
A confluence of findings from different vantage points has led to renewed interest and direction in the epidemiology of schizophrenia. This article provides an overview of prevalence and incidence data, examining the validity of reported secular trends in the occurrence of schizophrenia. Advances in molecular genetics have uncovered new linkage on chromosomes 6, 8, and 22 and have suggested complex models, including anticipation, to explain the perpetuation of genetic transmission in the face of low fecundity. Neurotropic viruses and autoimmunity have emerged as pathoplastic mechanisms to explain recent intriguing epidemiologic associations in schizophrenia. Environmental risk factors are also important. With attention to particular risk factors (i.e., perinatal hypoxia), a preventative approach may be realistic for some forms of schizophrenia.
Developed Countries↗
Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on systemic vascular resistance and vasoconstrictor requirements during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
OBJECTIVE: We proposed that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy would alter systemic vascular resistance (SVR) during rewarming and increase the requirement for vasoactive drugs in the immediate post-bypass period. METHODS: Sixty-five sequential adult patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures requiring hypothermic (28 degrees C) cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were recruited. Sixty-two fitted the inclusion criteria of which 21 were receiving ACE inhibitors prior to surgery. SVR was calculated at 1 min intervals during the rewarming phase of hypothermic CPB. The use of vasoactive drugs during and immediately after termination of CPB was recorded. The doctor administering these drugs was unaware of the nature of the study. RESULTS: Mean SVR in the ACE group was 978 dyne/s per cm5 and in the control group was 1194 dyne/s per cm5 (P = 0.006). Mean arterial pressure was 48.8 mmHg in the ACE group and 56.3 mmHg in the control group (P = 0.004). There was a significant difference in vasoactive drug requirements between the groups (P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in age, weight, body mass index, body surface area, theatre temperature, core temperature at which rewarming started, rate and time of rewarming, haematocrit on bypass or preoperative left ventricular function. CONCLUSION: Preoperative ACE inhibitor therapy decreases SVR during the rewarming phase of CPB and increases post-bypass vasoactive drug requirements.
Aged↗
School performance as a predictor of psychiatric hospitalization in adult life. A 28-year follow-up in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort.
BACKGROUND: Deterioration in school achievement may pre-date adult mental disorders. We studied the association between compulsory school performance and later onset hospital-treated psychiatric morbidity experienced by the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (N = 11017) in adult life. METHODS: School performance was operationalized in two ways: school class level (in normal, i.e. age-appropriate class v. not in normal class, i.e. class below age level or in special school) at the age of 14, and marks for individual school subjects at the age of 16. School class level was ascertained by postal questionnaire and school marks from national application register. These were linked to data on psychiatric morbidity from the National Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. By the end of 1994 (between ages 16 and 28 years), a total of 383 subjects had psychiatric illness. DSM-III-R diagnoses were grouped into three categories: schizophrenia; other psychoses; and non-psychotic disorders. The remaining population with no psychiatric hospitalization served as a single comparison group. School class level and values of school marks in the three diagnostic categories were each compared with this comparison group, stratified by sex. RESULTS: In the comparison group 6.8% of boys and 3.4% of girls were not in their normal class. In all the diagnosis groups the proportions of those not in normal class were from 2 to 8 times higher than in the comparison group. A majority of those not in normal class and having psychiatric diagnosis were intellectually subnormal (IQ < 85). Among adolescents who later developed nonpsychotic disorders, means of school marks were lower (P < 0.05, adjusted for social class and place of residence) than in the comparison group. Lower marks were not found in categories schizophrenia or other psychoses. Logistic regression analysis confirmed these findings after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Not being in the normal class at age 14 predicted future hospital-treated disorders, but low school marks at age 16 predicted only non-psychotic disorders. These findings may be an early manifestation of the disorders themselves, or a marker of vulnerability or other risk factors. The mechanisms may differ between diagnoses.
Achievement↗
Comorbidity of hospital-treated psychiatric and physical disorders with special reference to schizophrenia: a 28 year follow-up of the 1966 northern Finland general population birth cohort.
We studied the comorbidity of psychiatric and physical disorders in a sample (n = 11,017) from the unselected, general population, Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. During the period 1982-1994, hospital-treated psychiatric patients were more likely than people without psychiatric diagnoses to have been treated for physical disease in hospital wards, 298 out of 387 (77%) vs 6687 out of 10,630 (62.9%) (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6-2.5). Injuries, poisonings and indefinite symptoms were a more common reason for hospital treatment in people with schizophrenia or other psychiatric disorder as compared with people without a psychiatric disorder. Men with psychiatric disorder had more than a 50-fold risk for poisoning by psychotropic drugs (OR = 52.6, 95% CI = 27.7-99.8), women with psychiatric disorder a 20-fold risk (OR = 19.0, 95% CI = 9.5-38.1) and schizophrenics more than a 30-fold (OR = 37.5, 95% CI = 19.1-73.8). Men with psychiatric disorders were more commonly hospitalised for a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and circulatory diseases (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2-4.4), as compared with men with no psychiatric disorder. Respiratory diseases (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2-4.2, vertebral column disorders (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.8-9.9), gynaecological disorders (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2-3.6) and induced abortions (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2-2.7) were more prevalent in women with psychiatric disorder than in other women. Epilepsy was strongly associated with schizophrenia (OR = 11.1, 95% CI = 4.0-31.6). Nervous and sensory organ diseases in general (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1-5.8) and inflammatory diseases of the bowel (OR = 12.8, 95% CI = 3.8-42.7) were also overrepresented in schizophrenia when compared with people without a psychiatric disorder. Our results indicate that physicians must be alert for psychiatric disorder, and mental health professionals must be aware of the considerable morbidity in their patients.
Adolescent↗