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Biomedical subjects

P Jambulingam

Publications and source records attributed to P Jambulingam.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Observations on nocturnal activity and man biting habits of malaria vectors, Anopheles fluviatilis, An. annularis and An. culicifacies in the hill tracts of Koraput District, Orissa, India.

Biting and feeding behavior of malaria vectors were studied in nine villages (5 from Jeypore zone and 4 from Malkangiri zone) of Koraput District. Man biting catches comprised of 16 anopheline species including the incriminated vectors of this area: An. fluviatilis, An. annularis and An. culicifacies. An. fluviatilis was predominant and biting of this species recorded indoors throughout the year in both the zones. The period, during which the biting activity peaked, was different between the two zones and consequently the time of peak transmission was also different between the zones. The biting activity was at its peak between 21.00 and 03.00 hours in both the zones. However, in cold season the biting activity peaked in the first quarter of the night in Jeypore zone. The anthropophilic index (AI) of An. fluviatilis was 26.2% in Jeypore and 83.7% in Malkangiri and of An. culicifacies the AI was 0.4% in Jeypore and 7% in Malkangiri. Analysis of gonotrophic stages of night resting females indicated that in Jeypore zone, the majority of An. fluviatilis female left indoors for outdoor resting before the completion of gonotrophic cycle, but in Malkangiri, the females remained indoors till the end of the gonotrophic cycle. The presence of full-fed females in night resting catches in Jeypore village further suggested that the females do not leave the house immediately after taking blood meal but rest for some time.

Altitude↗
PubMed1993

Studies on dispersal of malaria vectors in a hilly tract of Koraput District, Orissa State, India.

Dispersal of malaria vectors was studied in a hilltop village in Koraput, a highly malarious district of Orissa. Immatures from terraced stream beds and day-time resting adults from artificially dug pit shelters, distributed centrifugally at different distances from the village were sampled. Breeding of Anopheles fluviatilis, An. annularis and An. culicifacies was found up to a distance of 1,700 m. Immature density of An. fluviatilis and An. culicifacies showed a negative correlation with the distance, but they were not statistically significant. The maximum distance at which An. fluviatilis adult females collected was 1,500 m. A significantly negative correlation was observed between An. fluviatilis resting females and distance. An. culicifacies adults were collected in low numbers even in the nearest pit shelters. No An. annularis was recorded from the pit shelters. The present record on the dispersal range of An. fluviatilis is estimated to be higher than that reported elswhere in India.

Altitude↗
PubMed1993

Lambdacyhalothrin treated bed nets as an alternative method of malaria control in tribal villages of Koraput District, Orissa State, India.

A village scale trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of bed-nets impregnated with lambdacyhalothrin, at the dose of 0.025 g/m2, in reducing malaria transmission in villages of Koraput District of Orissa, India, inhabited by tribals. The nets were distributed before peak transmission season. There was an overall decline in the parasite rate in all the age groups, six months after the supply of impregnated nets while the same increased in control village and in a village where untreated nets were supplied. The vector densities (resting and man landing) were lower in the treated village as compared to untreated and control villages throughout the study period. The reduction in the parasite rate was consistent when the reimpregnation was done at six monthly interval and the same tend to increase when the gap between the two impregnations was increased to one year. Though malaria incidence was reduced, transmission was not completely interrupted during the study period, due to outdoor transmission. The insecticidal effect of bednets was retained upto six months. Washing of bednets by the community did not affect the efficacy. The acceptance and usage was better with impregnated nets as compared to ordinary nets.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Some observations on Plasmodium falciparum gametocytaemia in natural infections in an endemic area of Koraput district, Orissa.

Peripheral P. falciparum gametocytaemia with respect to its minimum average time taken for appearance in peripheral blood, its peak density, duration of persistence in peripheral circulation, conversion rate and sex ratio was studied in 22 persons with natural infections in a village of Koraput district, Orissa. The minimum average time taken for the appearance of gametocytes was 9.3 days in children (below 15 years) and 8.9 days in adults (15 years and above). The peak count was low, the maximum density being 31/microliters. The duration of gametocytaemia in peripheral circulation was also short, the longest being 32 days. The gametocyte conversion rate on an average was 0.74% in children and 2.04% in adults. The mean sex ratio of micro:macro gametocytes was 1:2.6 in children and 1:6.2 in adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Microlevel epidemiological variations in malaria & its implications on control strategy.

Microlevel epidemiological variations in designing malaria control strategies were studied. Quantitative and qualitative variations were observed between two physiographic zones and between four different ecotypes within the zones of the Koraput district. While the peak transmission occurred in rainy season in the 600 m plateau (Jeypore zone), the same was observed in cold season in 150 m plateau (Malkangiri zone). The age specific parasite prevalence indicated a high degree of transmission and high level of acquired immunity in top- and foot-hill villages of both zones as compared to plain and riverine villages. Transmission was perennial in top-hill and foot-hill villages while it was of short period (indicated by infant parasite rate) in others. Since the period and intensity of transmission vary, an uniform residual insecticidal spray schedule as followed at present is not necessary. Majority of fever patients in top-hill villages were positive for Plasmodium falciparum and therefore may be treated for malaria without slide collection and examination. Evaluations may be done by sample surveys. These steps can optimize the malaria control operation in the district.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Infection rate and vectorial capacity of malaria vectors in Jeypore hill tract.

The role of different anophelines in malaria transmission in two geoclimatic zones, viz., Jeypore and Malkangiri plateau of Koraput distt., which are endemic for malaria, was studied. Out of 10,110 specimens belonging to 9 species collected and dissected over a period of 12 months by different methods in nine study villages, natural infection (sporozoites and oocysts) was detected in An. fluviatilis in both the zones. The sporozoite and oocyst rates were 0.28% and 1.41% in Jeypore zone and 5.09% and 0.85% in Malkangiri zone, respectively. Sporozoites were also found in a single specimen of An. culicifacies in Malkangiri area. An. annularis was incriminated in an earlier study. The vectorial capacities of An. fluviatilis, An. culicifacies and An. annularis were estimated for the three plasmodial species, viz., P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae in different seasons. The definitive role played by each species in transmission is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Living conditions and occurrence of malaria in a rural community.

Results of a prospective study of the association between environmental factors and malaria occurrence among 1461 individuals in an Indian rural community are reported. A multiplicative model was fitted by relating malaria positivity with different environmental risk factors as categorical variables. The risk of acquiring malaria infections varied significantly within a village stratified by proximity of breeding sources to human dwellings (chi 2 = 19.87, df = 5, p = 0.0000) and different types of houses (chi 2 = 11.32, df = 2, p = 0.0035). People residing in thatched houses with [Relative Risk (RR) = 6.72] and without false ceiling (RR = 11.27) are exposed to greater risk of contracting malaria infections when compared to tiled houses (RR = 1.00). However, malaria infection was not significantly associated with proximity of cattlesheds to human dwellings (chi 2 = 1.54, df = 2, p = 0.46). A significantly high risk was observed in zones where the cattle to man ratio was very low and vice versa (chi 2 = 15.32, df = 6, p = 0.018). These data suggest and corroborate with earlier studies that transmission is a local problem and it varies within a village according to the microepidemiological factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Symptomatic diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in field conditions.

This paper examines the relationship between clinical manifestations and parasitaemia in relation to malaria endemicity. Discriminant analysis, showed that fever alone can detect 74.4% of the parasite positive cases and the inclusion of other symptoms like headache, vomiting, nausea, bodyache and diarrhoea marginally increases the efficiency of discrimination (i.e., from 74.4% to 74.7%). It was observed that the association of symptoms with parasitaemia varies with the degree of malaria endemicity. The percentage of correct classification of parasite carriers varied from 45.7% in the immune population to 80.6% in the non-immune population. A significant difference was observed in the density grades between symptom positive and symptom negative cases. Slide examination in hyperendemic area does not give any advantage over the clinical examination and the data obtained from the slides collected during fever surveys tend to overestimate the malaria incidence in hyperendemic area.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pattern of rice cultivation and anopheline breeding in Koraput district of Orissa state.

The potentiality of rice fields in anopheline vector breeding in Koraput district was studied in two agricultural seasons--rubi and kharif. Altogether, 17 species were recorded from the rice fields. The terraced stream bed paddy-fields with a perceptible water flow in top-hill areas support heavy breeding of the principal vector A. fluviatilis at all stages of paddy growth. A. culicifacies and A. annularis breeding became scarce when the paddy plants reached a height of 80 cm. Vector species formed 2 per cent in rabi and 32 per cent in kharif of the anopheline fauna from the paddy fields and the maximum production was during early stage of paddy growth or after harvesting.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

Breeding habitats of malaria vectors: A. fluviatilis, A. annularis and A. culicifacies, in Koraput district, Orissa.

Anopheline breeding habitats were studied in two different geoclimatic zones. The vectors A. fluviatilis, A annularis and A. culicifacies breed in all types of habitats. Streams were most productive for the main vector, A. fluviatilis and breeding was intense during winter and early summer. In the rainy season, breeding occurred in terraced paddy fields. A. culicifacies were produced in large numbers in rivers in summer and in paddy fields in rainy and cold seasons. Considering the vastness of these breeding habitats, vector control measures by larviciding or any other bioenvironmental means will not be a feasible alternative even though house spraying poses serious problems in this area due to several reasons. The use of personal protection methods is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Detection of early dividing forms of Plasmodium falciparum in peripheral blood.

P. falciparum schizonts were found in peripheral blood of six malaria patients including two infants who were moderately ill, with parasitaemia ranging from 33920 to 410800 per cubic mm. The patients lived in villages located at an altitude of 680 m and the phenomenon was observed during the cold season when transmission was high. Appearance of these forms was independent of host age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Seasonal prevalence and resting behaviour of malaria vectors in Koraput district, Orissa.

Among the seven vector species studied A. fluviatilis, A. jeyporiensis and A. maculatus were exophilic whereas A. aconitus, A. annularis, A. culicifacies and A. varuna were endophilic. All the species collected indoors preferred cattlesheds to human dwellings for daytime resting and 71.3% of the total indoor collection was obtained from cattlesheds. Among the outdoor shelters pit shelters were found to be most attractive for all anophelines resting outdoors. In human dwellings anophelines generally preferred to rest on walls during winter and summer but on ceilings during the rainy season. While A. culicifacies has two peaks in density, during June-July and March all the other species had only one peak. There was a general decline in the density of vectors observed earlier in this area.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Parasitological aspects of malaria persistence in Koraput district Orissa, India.

A sample survey in 37 villages covering 10,733 people in 1986-87 in the Koraput district, Orissa showed that the malaria prevalence is of a much higher order than that reported by the National Malaria Eradication Programme (annual parasite incidence between 14.3 and 26.8 during 1981-86). Out of 833 positives detected 714 had Plasmodium falciparum, 86 had P. vivax, 12 had P. malariae and 21 had mixed infections. There were 650 asymptomatic parasite carriers and 127 gametocyte carriers. The infant parasite rate was 15.82 per cent and average enlarged spleen (AES) in 2 to 9 yr old children was 1.98. In a year round fever survey in 22 villages, 5520 blood smears were collected and 1364 were found positive for malaria, with 77.3 per cent P. falciparum. In a mass blood survey conducted in a labour camp at an irrigation project, 610 people were examined, and 181 were positive. Nearly 40 per cent of migrants and 22 per cent of locals were positive, P. falciparum being dominant.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Malaria & other common ailments among upper Bonda tribals in Koraput district, Orissa.

A malariometric survey carried out among the upper Bonda tribals of Koraput district showed that malaria is the major cause of morbidity followed by worm infestation and malnutrition. A total of individuals 1,409 (32.2% of the population) were sampled and 771 were found positive for malaria parasites. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant parasite (73.7%) followed by P. vivax (10.6%) and P. malariae (5.2%) among the positive cases. Mixed infection was observed in 10.5 per cent of positive individuals. The infant parasite rate was 60.0 per cent and the average enlarged spleen among the children between 2-9 yr was 2.11. The age specific parasite rate indicated high degree transmission and high level of acquired resistance among the tribals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Anopheline fauna of Koraput district, Orissa state, with particular reference to transmission of malaria.

The anopheline fauna was surveyed in Koraput district of Orissa, which is highly malarious. A total of 62,086 anophelines belonging to 22 species and two varieties were collected, including eight species of anophelines which are recognized malarial vectors in India. Anopheles sergenti, A. pulcherrimus, A. jeyporiensis var candidiensis and A. annularis var adiei was recorded for the first time in this area. A total of 24154 mosquitoes were dissected and 18 mosquitoes belonging to four species, A. fluviatilis. A. annularis, A. culicifacies and A. aconitus were found with the gut/gland infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Detection of Plasmodium ovale in Koraput district, Orissa state.

We report for the first time the detection of P. ovale infection in three patients in two hilly villages of Koraput district, Orissa state, India. The identification of the parasite was confirmed by the Imperial Colleage of Science and Technology, London.

Adolescent↗