Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

P J Simmons

Publications and source records attributed to P J Simmons.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Epitope recognition of antibodies that define the sialomucin, endolyn (CD164), a negative regulator of haematopoiesis.

Endolyn (CD164) is a sialomucin that functions as an adhesion molecule and a negative regulator of CD34+ CD38- human haematopoietic precursor cell proliferation. The 105A5 and 103B2/9E10 CD164 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which act as surrogate ligands, recognize distinct glycosylation-dependent classes I and II epitopes located on domain I of the native and recombinant CD164 proteins. Here, we document five new CD164 mAbs, the 96 series, that rely on conformational integrity, but not glycosylation, of exons 2- and 3-encoded CD164 domains, thereby resembling the class III mAbs, N6B6 and 67D2. Although all the 96 series class III mAbs labelled both the 105A5+ and 103B2/9E10+ cells, cross-competition and immunoblotting studies allow them to be categorized into two distinct class III subgroups, i.e. the N6B6-like subgroup that only recognizes 80-100 kDa proteins and the 67D2-like subgroup that also recognizes a higher molecular weight (>220 kDa) form. To more closely define the reactivity patterns of mAbs to the classes I and II epitopes, the global glycosylation patterns of the soluble human (h) CD164 proteins were determined using lectin binding, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. hCD164 recombinant proteins bound to the lectins, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Datura stramonium agglutinin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Maackia amurensis agglutinin and peanut agglutinin, indicating the presence of high mannose and complex N-glycans, in addition to core 1 O-glycans (the Tn antigen) and alpha2-3 and alpha2-6 sialic acid moieties. Our HPLC and mass spectrometry results revealed both high mannose and complex N-glycosylation with various numbers of branches increasing the complexity of the glycosylation pattern. Most O-glycans were small, core 1 or 2 based. High levels of sialylation in alpha2-3 and alpha2-6 linkages, without sialyl-Lewis X, indicate that the majority of these hCD164 recombinant proteins are unable to bind to selectins in our assay system, but may interact with Siglec molecules.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed2001

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD106) is cleaved by neutrophil proteases in the bone marrow following hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Mobilized progenitor cells currently represent the most commonly used source of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) to effect hematopoietic reconstitution following myeloablative chemotherapies. Despite their widespread use, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the enforced egress of HPCs from the bone marrow (BM) into the circulation in response to mobilizing agents such as cytokines remain to be determined. Results of this study indicate that expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is strongly reduced in vivo in the BM during HPC mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor. Two serine proteases, namely, neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G, were identified, which cleave VCAM-1 and are released by neutrophils accumulating in the BM during the course of immobilization induced by G-CSF. The proposal is made that an essential step contributing to the mobilization of HPCs is the proteolytic cleavage of VCAM-1 expressed by BM stromal cells, an event triggered by the degranulation of neutrophils accumulating in the BM in response to the administration of G-CSF.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Monoclonal antibody BB9 raised against bone marrow stromal cells identifies a cell-surface glycoprotein expressed by primitive human hemopoietic progenitors.

OBJECTIVE: The identification of cell-surface antigens whose expression is limited to primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) is of major value in the identification, isolation, and characterization of candidate stem cells in human hemopoietic tissues. Based on the observation that bone marrow stromal cells and primitive HPC share several cell-surface antigens, we sought to generate monoclonal antibodies to HPC by immunization with cultured human stromal cells. METHODS: BALB/c mouse were immunized with human bone marrow (BM)-derived stromal cells. Splenocytes isolated from immunized mice were fused with the NS-1 murine myeloma cell line and resulting hybridomas selected in HAT medium, then screened for reactivity against stromal cells, peripheral blood (PB), and BM cells. RESULTS: A monoclonal antibody (MAb), BB9, was identified based on its binding to stromal cells, a minor subpopulation of mononuclear cells in adult human BM, and corresponding lack of reactivity with leukocytes in PB. BB9 bound to a minor subpopulation of BM CD34(+) cells characterized by high-level CD34 antigen and Thy-1 expression, low-absent expression of CD38, low retention of Rhodamine 123, and quiescent cycle status as evidenced by lack of labeling with Ki67. CD34(+)BB9(+) cells, in contrast to CD34(+)BB9(-) cells, demonstrated a capacity to sustain hematopoiesis in pre-CFU culture stimulated by the combination of IL-3, IL-6, G-CSF, and SCF. BB9 also demonstrated binding to CD34(+) cells from mobilized PB. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these data therefore demonstrate that MAb BB9 identifies an antigen, which is selectively expressed by hierarchically primitive human HPC and also by stromal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A novel epitope of CD59 expressed by primitive human hematopoietic progenitors.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the identity of the cell surface molecule on primitive hematopoietic cells recognized by monoclonal antibody HCC-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screening of a cDNA expression library prepared from human bone marrow stromal cells with HCC-1 yielded a single cDNA, which when expressed in FDCP-1 cells, resulted in the specific acquisition of HCC-1 binding. The cDNA demonstrated complete identity with CD59, a phosphoinositol glycan-linked membrane protein that protects cells against autologous complement attack. The ubiquitous expression of CD59 is in marked contrast to the restricted reactivity of HCC-1. Studies were performed to examine the basis for the novel specificity of HCC-1 for CD59. The epitope on CD59 identified by HCC-1 was mapped using a series of rat/human CD59 chimeric proteins. Immunoprecipitation analyses were performed to determine whether CD59 associates with other membrane proteins. RESULTS: Mutagenesis of Asn18 did not alter the binding of HCC-1 to CD59, suggesting that N-linked carbohydrates are not responsible for the binding specificity of HCC-1. The epitope for HCC-1 was shown to differ from that identified by previously described CD59 antibodies, encompassing residues A31, L33, R55, and L59. An 80 kDa protein co-immunoprecipitated with CD59 in the HCC-1(-) cell line HL-60 but not in HCC-1(+) K562 cells. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that the unique specificity of HCC-1 for CD59 is due in part to recognition of a novel epitope, which is masked as a result of association with an as yet unidentified 80 kDa protein.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Integrin-mediated interactions between human bone marrow stromal precursor cells and the extracellular matrix.

To date, the precise interactions between bone marrow stromal cells and the extracellular matrix that govern stromal cell development remain unclear. The integrin super-family of cell-surface adhesion molecules represents a major pathway used by virtually all cell types to interact with different extracellular matrix components. In this study, purified populations of stromal precursor cells were isolated from the STRO-1-positive fraction of normal human marrow, by fluoresence-activated cell sorting, and then assayed for their ability to initiate clonogenic growth in the presence of various integrin ligands. Bone marrow-derived stromal progenitors displayed differential growth to fibronectin, vitronectin, and laminin, over collagen types I and III, but showed a similar affinity for collagen type IV. The integrin heterodimers alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1, alpha5beta1, alpha6beta1, alpha(v)beta3, and alpha(v)beta5 were found to coexpress with the STRO-1 antigen on the cell surface of CFU-F, using dual-color analysis. Furthermore, only a proportion of stromal precursors expressed the integrin alpha4beta1, while no measurable levels of the integrin alpha3beta1 could be detected. Subsequent adhesion studies using functional blocking antibodies to different integrin alpha/beta heterodimers showed that stromal cell growth on collagen, laminin, and fibronectin was mediated by multiple beta1 integrins. In contrast, cloning efficiency in the presence of vitronectin was mediated in part by alpha(v)beta3. When human marrow stromal cells were cultured under osteoinductive conditions, their ability to form a mineralized matrix in vitro was significantly diminished in the presence of a functional blocking monoclonal antibody to the beta1 integrin subunit. The results of this study indicate that beta1 integrins appear to be the predominant adhesion receptor subfamily utilized by stromal precursor cells to adhere and proliferate utilizing matrix glycoproteins commonly found in the bone marrow microenvironment and bone surfaces. Furthermore, these data suggest a possible role for the beta1 integrin subfamily during the development of stromal precursor cells into functional osteoblast-like cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2001

Mucin-like molecules as modulators of the survival and proliferation of primitive hematopoietic cells.

Current data suggest that interplay between two classes of molecules contributes to the regulation of hematopoiesis: hematopoietic growth factors, which regulate the survival, proliferation, and development of primitive hematopoietic cells and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which are responsible for the localization of hematopoiesis to the bone marrow (BM) and for mediating physical association between developing hematopoietic cells and marrow stromal tissue. A range of cell surface molecules representing several CAM superfamilies including integrins, selectins, the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and an emerging family of mucin-like molecules (the sialomucins) are involved in supporting cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions between primitive hematopoietic cells and the stromal cell-mediated hematopoietic microenvironment (HM) of the bone marrow. There is abundant evidence in non-hematopoietic tissues that CAMs are signalling molecules which participate in a range of signal transduction events important not only for regulating cell adhesion and motility, but also for cell growth and survival. Although the signalling functions of CAMs have not been studied extensively in primitive hematopoietic progenitors (HPCs), extrapolation from burgeoning data in other systems is consistent with the hypothesis that hematopoiesis within the BM is regulated by interaction between signals generated locally by CAMs and those elicited by cytokines. Evidence in support of this notion was initially provided by studies on normal HPCs demonstrating cross-talk between members of the integrin superfamily and cytokine receptors. In this article we review recent reports that mucin-like molecules are also signalling molecules on primitive hematopoietic cells and that the signals they deliver potently inhibit hematopoiesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Intrinsic noise at synapses between a wing hinge stretch receptor and flight motor neurons in the locust.

Variability in postsynaptic potential (PSP) amplitude due to intrinsic noise limits the reliability of communication between neurons. I measured PSP variability at synapses between a forewing stretch receptor and wing depressor motor neurons in locusts, a pathway that is important in the control of flying. The intrinsic noise in the stretch receptor output synapse was measured by subtracting the background noise, originating in other synaptic pathways onto the motor neuron, from the variability in the amplitudes of PSPs evoked by the stretch receptor. Intrinsic synaptic noise caused successive PSPs to vary by 4-10 % in basalar and subalar flight motor neurons. Recordings from pairs of these wing depressor motor neurons showed that the amount of transmitter released varied independently between different output sites from the stretch receptor. Histograms of excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude were normal distributions that lacked separate peaks. I estimate that quantal amplitude is significantly less than 0.1 mV and that several hundred quanta are released for each presynaptic spike. This accords well with a previous estimate of the number of discrete anatomical synapses and would facilitate modulation of output from the stretch receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between novel isoforms, functionally important domains, and subcellular distribution of CD164/endolyn.

Functional analyses have indicated that the human CD164 sialomucin may play a key role in hematopoiesis by facilitating the adhesion of human CD34(+) cells to the stroma and by negatively regulating CD34(+)CD38(lo/-) cell proliferation. We have identified three novel human CD164 variants derived by alternative splicing of bona fide exons from a single genomic transcription unit. The predominant CD164(E1-6) isoform, encoded by six exons, is a type I transmembrane protein containing two extracellular mucin domains (I and II) interrupted by a cysteine-rich non-mucin domain. The 103B2/9E10 and 105A5 epitopes, which specify ligand binding characteristics, are located on the exon 1-encoded mucin domain I. Three human CD164(E1-6) mRNA species, exhibiting differential polyadenylation site usage, are differentially expressed in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissues. This study provides additional evidence that human CD164(E1-6) represents the ortholog of murine MGC-24v and rat endolyn. Comparative analysis of murine MGC-24v/CD164(E1-6) with human CD164(E1-6) revealed two potential splice variants and a similar genomic structure. Whereas the human CD164 gene is located on chromosome 6q21, the mouse gene occurs in a syntenic region on chromosome 10B1-B2. By confocal microscopy, human CD164 in CD34(+)CD38(+) hematopoietic progenitor (KG1B) and epithelial cell lines appears to be localized primarily in endosomes and lysosomes, with low concentrations at the cell surface. However, in a minority of KG1B cells, CD164 is more prominently expressed at the plasma membrane and in the recycling endosomes, suggesting that its distribution is regulated in cells of hematopoietic origin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

CD164 monoclonal antibodies that block hemopoietic progenitor cell adhesion and proliferation interact with the first mucin domain of the CD164 receptor.

The novel sialomucin, CD164, functions as both an adhesion receptor on human CD34+ cell subsets in bone marrow and as a potent negative regulator of CD34+ hemopoietic progenitor cell proliferation. These diverse effects are mediated by at least two functional epitopes defined by the mAbs, 103B2/9E10 and 105A5. We report here the precise epitope mapping of these mAbs together with that of two other CD164 mAbs, N6B6 and 67D2. Using newly defined CD164 splice variants and a set of soluble recombinant chimeric proteins encoded by exons 1-6 of the CD164 gene, we demonstrate that the 105A5 and 103B2/9E10 functional epitopes map to distinct glycosylated regions within the first mucin domain of CD164. The N6B6 and 67D2 mAbs, in contrast, recognize closely associated and complex epitopes that rely on the conformational integrity of the CD164 molecule and encompass the cysteine-rich regions encoded by exons 2 and 3. On the basis of their sensitivities to reducing agents and to sialidase, O-sialoglycoprotease, and N-glycanase treatments, we have characterized CD164 epitopes and grouped them into three classes by analogy with CD34 epitope classification. The class I 105A5 epitope is sialidase, O-glycosidase, and O-sialoglycoprotease sensitive; the class II 103B2/9E10 epitope is N-glycanase, O-glycosidase, and O-sialoglycoprotease sensitive; and the class III N6B6 and 67D2 epitopes are not removed by such enzyme treatments. Collectively, this study indicates that the previously observed differential expression of CD164 epitopes in adult tissues is linked with cell type specific post-translational modifications and suggests a role for epitope-associated carbohydrate structures in CD164 function.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2000

Functionally defined CD164 epitopes are expressed on CD34(+) cells throughout ontogeny but display distinct distribution patterns in adult hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues.

Three distinct classes of epitopes on human CD164 have been identified. Two of these, recognized by the monoclonal antibodies 105A5 and 103B2/9E10, are the CD164 class I and class II functionally defined epitopes, which cooperate to regulate adhesion and proliferation of CD34(+) cell subsets. In this article, we demonstrate that these 2 CD164 epitopes are expressed on CD34(+) cells throughout ontogeny, in particular on CD34(+ )cell clusters associated with the ventral floor of the dorsal aorta in the developing embryo and on CD34(+) hematopoietic precursor cells in fetal liver, cord blood, and adult bone marrow. While higher levels of expression of these CD164 epitopes occur on the more primitive AC133(hi)CD34(hi)CD38(lo/-) cell population, they also occur on most cord blood Lin(-)CD34(lo/-)CD38(lo/- )cells, which are potential precursors for the AC133(hi)CD34(hi)CD38(lo/-) subset. In direct contrast to these common patterns of expression on hematopoietic precursor cells, notable differences in expression of the CD164 epitopes were observed in postnatal lymphoid and nonhematopoietic tissues, with the class I and class II CD164 epitopes generally exhibiting differential and often reciprocal cellular distribution patterns. This is particularly striking in the colon, where infiltrating lymphoid cells are CD164 class I-positive but class II-negative, while epithelia are weakly CD164 class II-positive. Similarly, in certain lymphoid tissues, high endothelial venules and basal and subcapsular epithelia are CD164 class II-positive, while lymphoid cells are CD164 class I-positive. It therefore seems highly likely that these CD164 class I and II epitopes will mediate reciprocal homing functions in these tissue types.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The human AC133 hematopoietic stem cell antigen is also expressed in epithelial cells and targeted to plasma membrane protrusions.

The human AC133 antigen and mouse prominin are structurally related plasma membrane proteins. However, their tissue distribution is distinct, with the AC133 antigen being found on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and prominin on various epithelial cells. To determine whether the human AC133 antigen and mouse prominin are orthologues or distinct members of a protein family, we examined the human epithelial cell line Caco-2 for the possible expression of the AC133 antigen. By both immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation, the AC133 antigen was found to be expressed on the surface of Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, immunoreactivity for the AC133 antigen, but not its mRNA level, was down-regulated upon differentiation of Caco-2 cells. The AC133 antigen was specifically located at the apical rather than basolateral plasma membrane. An apical localization of the AC133 antigen was also observed in various human embryonic epithelia including the neural tube, gut, and kidney. Electron microscopy revealed that, within the apical plasma membrane of Caco-2 cells, the AC133 antigen was confined to microvilli and absent from the planar, intermicrovillar regions. This specific subcellular localization did not depend on an epithelial phenotype, because the AC133 antigen on hematopoietic stem cells, as well as that ectopically expressed in fibroblasts, was selectively found in plasma membrane protrusions. Hence, the human AC133 antigen shows the features characteristic of mouse prominin in epithelial and transfected non-epithelial cells, i.e. a selective association with apical microvilli and plasma membrane protrusions, respectively. Conversely, flow cytometry of murine CD34(+) bone marrow progenitors revealed the cell surface expression of prominin. Taken together, the data strongly suggest that the AC133 antigen is the human orthologue of prominin.

AC133 Antigen↗
PubMed2000

Cytochemical evidence that acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter of neurons that make excitatory and inhibitory outputs in the locust ocellar visual system.

Three different cytochemical methods were used to detect acetylcholine in large, second-order neurons of locust ocelli (L-neurons). The first method used polyclonal antibodies raised against choline cleaved from acetylcholine and then conjugated with native protein, and this revealed strong staining for acetylcholine in axons whose number, size, and location indicated that they were of L-neurons. A corresponding staining pattern was found using the second method with a polyclonal antiserum against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The third method was the histochemical detection at the electron microscope level of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine. We found that this enzyme is located in synaptic clefts of L-neurons in both of the brain regions where L-neurons are known to make excitatory and inhibitory output synapses. Acetylcholinesterase was confined to synaptic sites, which is consistent with a role in synaptic transmission at these synapses. Taken together, the findings suggest that L-neurons use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2000

Combination of stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilizes the highest number of primitive haemopoietic progenitors as shown by pre-colony-forming unit (pre-CFU) assay.

Fifty-two patients with poor prognosis carcinoma of the breast underwent peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization using five different regimens. The yields of primitive haemopoietic progenitors were quantified by a recently described pre-colony-forming unit (pre-CFU) assay using limiting dilution analysis (LDA). Results of days 14 and 35 pre-CFU were also correlated with conventional CD34+ cell enumeration, CFU-GM (granulocyte-macrophage) and long-term culture-initiating cell (LTCIC) assays. The yield of pre-CFUs with the combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) was significantly higher than with G-CSF alone, cyclophosphamide (Cyclo) and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-3 and GM-CSF, or Cyclo alone. No significant correlation between neutrophil engraftment and pre-CFU could be demonstrated. Furthermore, CFU-GM was shown to bear a stronger correlation with pre-CFU and LTCIC than CD34+ cell measurement; thus, CFU-GM remains a useful biological tool for haemopoietic stem cell assay. We conclude that the combination of G-CSF and SCF mobilizes the highest number of pre-CFUs as measured by functional pre-CFU assay, which provides an alternative measurement of primitive haemopoietic progenitors to the LTCIC assay.

Antigens, CD34↗
PubMed1999

The performance of synapses that convey discrete graded potentials in an insect visual pathway.

Synapses from nonspiking neurons transmit small graded changes in potential, but variability in their postsynaptic potential amplitudes has not been extensively studied. At synapses where the presynaptic signal is an all-or-none spike, the probabilistic manner of neurotransmitter release causes variation in the amplitudes of postsynaptic potentials. I have measured the reliability of the operation of synapses that convey small graded potentials between pairs of identified large, second-order neurons in the locust ocellar system. IPSPs are mediated by small rebound spikes, which are graded in amplitude, in the presynaptic neuron. A transfer curve plotting amplitudes of spikes against amplitudes of IPSPs has a characteristic S shape with a linear central portion where IPSP amplitude is between -0.2 and -0.6 as large as spike amplitude but shows appreciable scatter. Approximately half of the scatter is attributable to background noise, most of which originates in photoreceptors and persists in darkness. The remaining noise is intrinsic to the synapse itself and is usually 0.3-0.7 mV in amplitude. It limits the resolution with which two spike amplitudes can be distinguished from one another to approximately 2 mV and, because the linear part of the transfer curve occupies approximately 10 mV in spike amplitudes, limits the number of discrete signal levels that can be conveyed across the synapse to approximately five. The amplitude of the noise is constant throughout the synaptic operating range, which means it is unlikely that presynaptic membrane potential controls transmitter release by setting a single probability level for quantal release.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The monoclonal antibody 97A6 defines a novel surface antigen expressed on human basophils and their multipotent and unipotent progenitors.

Basophils (Ba) and mast cells (MC) are important effector cells of inflammatory reactions. Both cell types derive from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors. However, little is known about the cell subsets that become committed to and give rise to Ba and/or MC. We have generated a monoclonal antibody (MoAb), 97A6, that specifically detects human Ba, MC (lung, skin), and their CD34(+) progenitors. Other mature hematopoietic cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets) did not react with MoAb 97A6, and sorting of 97A6(+) peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) cells resulted in an almost pure population (>98%) of Ba. Approximately 1% of CD34(+) BM and PB cells was found to be 97A6(+). Culture of sorted CD34(+)97A6(+) BM cells in semisolid medium containing phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte supernatant for 16 days (multilineage assay) resulted in the formation of pure Ba colonies (10 of 40), Ba-eosinophil colonies (7 of 40), Ba-macrophage colonies (3 of 40), and multilineage Ba-eosinophil-macrophage and/or neutrophil colonies (12 of 40). In contrast, no Ba could be cultured from CD34(+)97A6(-) cells. Liquid culture of CD34(+) PB cells in the presence of 100 ng/mL interleukin (IL)-3 (Ba progenitor assay) resulted in an increase of 97A6(+) cells, starting from 1% of day-0 cells to almost 70% (basophils) after day 7. Culture of sorted BM CD34(+)97A6(+) cells in the presence of 100 ng/mL stem cell factor (SCF) for 35 days (mast cell progenitor assay) resulted in the growth of MC (>30% on day 35). Anti-IgE-induced IgE receptor cross-linking on Ba for 15 minutes resulted in a 4-fold to 5-fold upregulation of 97A6 antigen expression. These data show that the 97A6-reactive antigen plays a role in basophil activation and is expressed on multipotent CD34(+) progenitors, MC progenitors, Ba progenitors, as well as on mature Ba and tissue MC. The lineage-specificity of MoAb 97A6 suggests that this novel marker may be a useful tool to isolate and analyze Ba/MC and their progenitors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Seeing what is coming: building collision-sensitive neurones.

The image of a rapidly approaching object has to elicit a quick response. An animal needs to know that the object is approaching on a collision course and how imminent a collision is. The relevant information can be computed from the way that the image of the object grows on the retina of one eye. Firm data about the types of neurones that react to such looming stimuli and trigger avoidance reactions come from recent studies on the pigeon and the locust. The neurones responsible are tightly tuned to detect objects that are approaching on a direct collision course. In the pigeon these neurones signal the time remaining before collision whereas in the locust they have a crucial role in the simple strategy this animal uses to detect an object approaching on a collision course.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Cytoskeleton and integrin-mediated adhesion signaling in human CD34+ hemopoietic progenitor cells.

Significant progress has been made recently in the understanding of cell adhesion signaling. Many components of focal adhesion complexes have been identified in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, showing considerable overlap and complementarity between growth signaling mediated by growth factor receptors and adhesive signaling mediated by cell adhesion receptors such as integrins. These studies showed that the cytoskeleton is essential for the correct intracellular localization of large signaling complexes that regulate the cellular machinery. Although adhesive interactions are essential to maintain steady-state hemopoiesis, the study of the function and role of adhesive interactions in hemopoietic progenitor and stem cells is less advanced. As in fibroblasts, functional overlap between hemopoietic growth factor receptors and cell adhesion receptors has been demonstrated, with the cytoskeleton likely playing a critical role in integrating information provided by soluble factors and cell adhesion molecules constituting the hemopoietic microenvironment. The intention of this article is to give a critical review of the current knowledge about the cytoskeleton and integrin-mediated signaling in hemopoietic progenitor cells.

Animals↗