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Biomedical subjects

P J Martens

Publications and source records attributed to P J Martens.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

The effect of breastfeeding education on adolescent beliefs and attitudes: a randomized school intervention in the Canadian Ojibwa community of Sagkeeng.

Sagkeeng First Nation's adolescent breastfeeding educational session was evaluated using a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The intervention group received the session first; the control group received the session following the posttest. A retention test to measure overall retained learning was given to all students 10 days later. Breastfeeding beliefs increased (mean +/- SD = 41.9 to 47.0, P = .0047) from pretest to posttest for intervention subjects but not for controls. There were no changes in bottle-feeding beliefs or breastfeeding attitudes. There was an increase in breastfeeding beliefs from pretest to retention test for all students (true treatment effect [TTE] = .85 standard deviation units [SDU], P = .004). Learning was gender specific, with females experiencing increases in breastfeeding beliefs (TTE = 1.12 SDU, P = .004), decreases in bottle-feeding beliefs (TTE = -.77 SDU, P = .04), and a trend to increased breastfeeding attitudes (TTE = .41 SDU, NS). Males showed small, inconsistent learning effects. Learning occurred in the areas of health, convenience, cost, and decreased embarrassment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Does breastfeeding education affect nursing staff beliefs, exclusive breastfeeding rates, and Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative compliance? The experience of a small, rural Canadian hospital.

The effectiveness of a breastfeeding education intervention consisting of a 1 1/2-hour mandated session for all nursing staff, with an optional self-paced tutorial, was evaluated in a small rural Canadian hospital. The intervention was designed to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates, create positive beliefs and attitudes among staff members, and increase compliance with the World Health Organization/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). Staff surveys and chart audits were conducted at both the intervention and control site hospitals prior to the intervention and 7 months after the intervention. Over a 7-month period, the intervention hospital experienced an increase in BFHI compliance (24.4 vs. 31.9, P < .01), breastfeeding beliefs (55.0 vs. 58.8, P < .05), and exclusive breastfeeding rates (31% vs. 54% of breastfed babies, P < .05) but no change in breastfeeding attitudes (44.0 vs. 44.9, P = .80). The control site experienced no change in BFHI compliance, beliefs, or attitudes but a significant decrease in exclusive breastfeeding rates (43% vs. 0%, P < .05).

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Prenatal infant feeding intent and perceived social support for breastfeeding in Manitoba first nations communities: a role for health care providers.

In a prospective study of pregnant women (n = 36) in four southern Manitoba First Nations communities to test a breastfeeding decision-making model, maternal perceptions of the impact of referents (individuals and groups which impact a woman's decisions) was measured. A quantitative "referent score" comprised of a measure of the referent's "breastfeeding-supportiveness" and a measure of maternal compliance with the referent. The woman's own mother, the community health nurse, and the physician were perceived as highly supportive of breastfeeding, and as people with whom the woman was most likely to comply. Women also identified the timing of their infant feeding decisions, as reported in the third trimester of pregnancy. Only 22% had decided prior to pregnancy. During the third trimester, 36% did not know their infant feeding choice. Women forced to verbalize a "choice" prior to being informed may make decisions based on the perceived cultural norm, which may be bottle feeding. A neutral attitude by health professionals may be harmful if it prevents informed choice by pregnant or postpartum clients. Prenatal education of the pregnant woman with her own mother, and adolescent school education of the peer group (sisters, close friends and male partner) may need to be incorporated into a community strategy to promote breastfeeding.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A mini-lesson in statistics: what causes treatment groups to be deemed 'not statistically different'?

The theory behind a "not-statistically significant difference" (NS) in group comparison research is crucial for proper study design. Proprietary company-sponsored research whose purpose is to demonstrate null intervention effects is widespread. Therefore, a discussion of null effects in research results was undertaken. Type I and Type II errors are explained, and reasons for "NS" results detailed. Clinical differences, power, statistical tests chosen, and values of alpha and beta are included in the discussion. Examples from studies of the effects of artificial baby milk gift packs are offered. If the aim of research is to demonstrate NS between treatments, or if the conclusion of published research is NS, then the research must demonstrate a design which ensures ethical and appropriate levels of both Type I and Type II errors.

Bias↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How Baby-Friendly are Manitoba hospitals? The Provincial Infant Feeding Study. Breastfeeding Promotion Steering Committee of Manitoba.

The Breastfeeding Promotion Steering Committee of Manitoba conducted the cross-sectional Provincial Infant Feeding Study in 1996 to examine: correlation between breastfeeding policies and actual practices in Manitoba hospitals; compliance with Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) criteria; and associations between hospital practices and two-week breastfeeding duration. Three separate surveys obtained information from: administrators concerning hospital policy; nursing staff concerning hospital practices; and all women giving birth in a five-week period, concerning breastfeeding rates and maternal perceptions of hospital practices. The results highlighted the need for policy and practice changes to comply with BFHI criteria. 92% initiated breastfeeding, and 84% were breastfeeding at two weeks postpartum. Independent predictors of weaning included: in-hospital supplementation (adjusted RR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.02-4.36, p = 0.04); temporarily interrupting breastfeeding while in hospital (adjusted RR = 4.9, 95% CI 2.7-8.9, p = 0.0001); no previous breastfeeding experience (adjusted RR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.4, p = 0.002); and Grade 12 or less maternal education.

Adult↗