Do meningococci cause sore throats?
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Female↗
Biomedical subjects
P Hancock
Publications and source records attributed to P Hancock.
Clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis.
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Adolescent↗
An investigation into Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-associated diarrhoea.
An investigation was carried out to establish the incidence of diarrhoea associated with the presence of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens. The results indicate a high risk group, namely elderly hospitalized patients, who should be investigated for this organism in a similar way to Clostridium difficile if symptoms occur. The significance of antibiotic association is suggested and cross-infection was shown to be a possibility. Detection of the enterotoxin was accompanied in all cases by the presence of high faecal counts of enterotoxigenic strains of C. perfringens.
Adolescent↗
Pharmacokinetic study of lomefloxacin and its effect on the faecal flora of volunteers.
In a volunteer pharmacokinetic study mean peak serum concentrations of lomefloxacin of 7.19 mg/l were obtained 1.5 h after an oral dose of 400 mg. Women had higher concentrations than men. Urinary excretion was 34% in 6 h and 63% in 24 h and the mean peak concentration was 699 mg/l. Saliva concentrations were 37% of those in serum. Lomefloxacin was detectable in the faeces up to seven days after the last dose. The major effect of lomefloxacin on the faecal flora of volunteers following a four day course of 400 mg once daily was the elimination of strains of Enterobacteriaceae and an increase in the numbers of Gram-positive cocci, mainly streptococci. There was no effect on anaerobic bacteria or yeasts. Lomefloxacin was well tolerated and no side effects were recorded. No bacterial resistance was detected after treatment.
4-Quinolones↗
The effect of cefuroxime axetil on the faecal flora of healthy volunteers.
The effect on the faecal flora of cefuroxime axetil, an oral ester of cefuroxime, was examined in ten healthy volunteers following a dose of 250 mg twice a day for 41/2 days. The mean blood concentration 2 h after the ninth dose was 3.6 mg/l and the urinary excretion was approximately 40% in 6 h and 50% in 24 h. Two volunteers developed mild diarrhoea and one candida vaginitis. Although there was variation between volunteers in the changes found in the faecal flora, the major effects were a reduction in the total anaerobic bacterial count, particularly where high levels of cefuroxime were present in the faeces and a significant decrease or elimination of strains of Enterobacteriaceae plus an increase in the streptococcal count. Six volunteers showed an increase in the candida count. Clostridium difficile was not isolated from any volunteer and toxin was not present in the two volunteers who developed diarrhoea. Four volunteers showed high levels of cefuroxime in the faeces on the fourth or fifth days of treatment.
Bacteria, Aerobic↗
Pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin and the effect on the faecal flora of healthy volunteers.
Pharmacokinetic studies using a new oral quinolone ofloxacin were carried out in 12 healthy volunteers. The mean Cmax was 2.7 mg/l after the first dose of 200 mg ofloxacin rising to 3.4 mg/l after the seventh dose. The Tmax was between 1-2 h and the serum half life 5 h. Saliva concentrations matched serum levels but the absolute values were lower. Urinary concentrations ranged from 141 to 330 mg/l and the 12 h excretion was 62% after the seventh dose. Faecal concentrations were high and persisted for up to five days after the last dose. The major effect of ofloxacin on the faecal flora was the rapid and complete elimination of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. Streptococci were generally increased but there was no change in the total anaerobic bacterial count. Pre-treatment composition of the faecal flora was re-established between 3 and 26 days after the last dose. Ofloxacin was well tolerated by the volunteers and only two complained of significant side effects, gastrointestinal disturbance and insomnia. Ofloxacin is a valuable addition to the range of antimicrobial agents available for the oral treatment of bacterial infection.
Adult↗
Preadmission antipyretics in Reye's syndrome.
The parents of 106 children who had had Reye's syndrome and those of 185 comparison children who had febrile illnesses were interviewed in order to compare preadmission medication exposure rates in the two groups. Although comparable proportions of case and comparison patients had taken antipyretics in the three weeks before admission, a significant excess of cases (59% compared with 26% in the comparisons) had been given aspirin, whereas significantly more comparison children (49% compared with 25% in the cases) had taken paracetamol. There was an excess exposure to aspirin in children under 5 years of age; the excess observed in older patients just failed to reach significance. Separate analyses within Northern Ireland and England also showed a case-comparison difference. A significant correlation was shown between aspirin (but not paracetamol) exposure and the closeness with which cases conformed to the diagnostic criteria of Reye's syndrome, measured by an artibrary score. The many difficulties of conducting and interpreting the findings of an epidemiological risk factor study of an association between aspirin and Reye's syndrome are reviewed and emphasised. Inherent biases were present in this as in previous studies and it did not conform to the classical case-control design. Nevertheless the findings suggested that an association between Reye's syndrome and preadmission aspirin may exist in some children.
Acetaminophen↗
Audio-visual aids: fight against infection.
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Audiovisual Aids↗