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Biomedical subjects

P Goldman

Publications and source records attributed to P Goldman.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Replacement of L-phenylalanine and L-leucine by alpha-hydroxy analogues in the diets of germfree rats.

It has been suggested that the metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora is necessary for the utilization of the alpha-keto and alpha-hydroxy analogues of the essential amino acids. This role of the intestinal microflora has been examined by comparing weight gain of germfree and conventional rats in response to the substitution of one amino acid in the diet by its analogue. Using a completely defined liquid diet it was found that weight gain of germfree rats was well maintained and comparable to that of conventional rats when 1.5 M equivalents of DL-alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid was substituted for L-leucine in the diet. Although weight gain was not fully maintained when 2.0 M equivalents of L-phenyllactate was substituted for L-phenylalanine, germfree and conventional rats showed similar weight gains. These results exclude an obligatory role for the flora in the utilization of these non-nitrogen containing analogues of L-phenylalanine and L-leucine.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Drug utilization and reported adverse reactions in hospitalized children.

An intensive drug surveillance program has been developed to study the clinical effects of drugs in hospitalized children. This program collects information on drug exposures and the occurrence of adverse clinical events. The 1669 children monitored to date received an average of 7.6 drugs during an average hospital stay of 8.4 days. A group of specified adverse clinical events, whether or not drug attributed, occurred in 45.7% of the patients; drug-attributed events (adverse drug reactions) occurred in 16.8%. Both drug use and reported adverse reactions tended to increase with age, except that newborns received many drugs but had the lowest reported adverse reaction rates. Newborns, however, had the highest rate of adverse events not attributed to drugs, suggesting that perhaps some of these latter events include presently unrecognized adverse drug reactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Utilization of the poison center for the teaching of clinical toxicology to medical and pharmacy students, housestaff, and health care professionals.

The Massachusetts Poison Information Center has proved to be a good location for the teaching of clinical toxicology to physicians, pharmacists, and nurses at all periods of their training and professional development. With a continuous source of clinical problems, the availability of sophisticated information resources, and a wide array of clinical consultants, a center can become the setting for formal courses in toxicology, for fellowship training, and for continuing education. Review of clinical cases, discussion of management issues, literature reviews, bedside toxicology teaching, and formal weekly toxicology seminars are used to accomplish the educational goals of the program.

Boston↗
PubMed1979

The anaerobic metabolism of metronidazole forms N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid.

N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid is formed when metronidazole is reduced either chemically or by the action of the intestinal bacteria. When metronidazole, labeled with carbon-14 in the hydroxyethyl side chain, is administered by gavage to rats in doses of 200 mg/kg, an average of 1.4% of the administered radioactivity is recovered in the urine in the form of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid. The presence of conjugated N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid in some samples was suggested by the detection of small additional amounts of the free acid after treatment of the urine with beta-glucuronidase. The metabolite is not found in the feces. In contrast N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid is not found in the urine or feces of germfree rats which receive metronidazole. Thus, the finding of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid in the urine of rats which receive metronidazole appears to depend on the activity of the bacterial flora.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1978

A surprise health bill.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

National Health Insurance, United States↗
PubMed1978

Biochemical pharmacology of the intestinal flora.

Animal and bacteriological techniques have been developed for clarifying the role of the flora in the metabolism of drugs and other exogenous compounds. In general the flora tends to catalyze reductive and hydrolytic reactions, some of which reverse the detoxification reactions normally occurring in the liver. These reactions and others have been implicated in the pharamacological or toxicological action of exogenous compounds. Only in a few instances, however, have practical consequences of these reactions been documented. The major challenge at present is to develop methods capable of further defining the implications of reactions due to the flora.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Properties of the Ames Salmonella mutants lodged in the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic rats.

An association of the histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA1538) within the gastrointestinal tract of otherwise germ-free Sprague-Dawley rats is maintained during observations for up to 7 months. The bacteria exceed concentrations of 10(7)/g in the forestomach and exceed concentrations of 10(8)/g in the lower bowel and feces. When carcinogens are ingested, the number of revertants in the feces increases. The ingestion of structurally related compounds which are not mutagenic to the bacteria in vitro and for which no evidence of carcinogenicity exists does not increase the number of revertants in the feces. The numbers of salmonella are increased by the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacteroides fragilis but the salmonella disappear from the gastrointestinal tract when the rats are conventionalized. With the additional flora, there is a decrease in the number of revertants appearing in the feces in response to a given dose of carcinogen. This decrease may reflect an effect of the flora on the activity of the metabolic pathway responsible for the presence of the ultimate carcinogen or it may simply be an effect on the salmonella mutants themselves.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The effects of additional flora on the response of salmonella mutants lodged in the gastrointestinal tract.

A histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA1538, will lodge for several months in the gastrointestinal tract of otherwise germ-free rats and of rats additionally associated with bacteria characteristic of the normal flora such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacteroides vulgatus. In the presence of the additional flora, the concentration of strain TA1538 is diminished in the stomach but not in the lower gastrointestinal tract or in the feces. Following the ingestion of 2-nitrofluorene, there is an increase in the concentration of revertants in the feces which reflects that observed in the colon and cecum. A dose-response relationship can be demonstrated between the amount of 2-nitrofluorene ingested and the concentration of revertants in the feces. A given dose of 2-nitrofluorene, however, produces fewer revertants in the feces of rats with the additional flora than in the feces of rats associated only with strain TA1538. It is not clear whether the decreased number of revertants in the feces in the presence of the additional flora is a result of metabolic transformations of 2-nitrofluorene by B. vulgatus, which can be demonstrated in vitro, or a result of the displacement of strain TA1538 from the stomach. The rat associated with strain TA1538, or other Ames tester strains, may be useful for detecting carcinogens as mutagens within the gastrointestinal tract and for determining the influence of various constituents of the bacterial flora on the concentration of mutagenic compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Nurse specialist in family planning.

In an experimental clinic, run by nurse specialists in family planning, a total of 768 patients were seen in the first year. Oral contraception was dispensed for 377 patients and 187 intrauterine devices (IUCDs) were inserted; a further 204 IUCD patients attended only for follow-up visits. All side effects were adequately diagnosed by the nurse specialist.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1976

The serum digitalis concentration--does it diagnose digitalis toxicity?

We propose that an investigation of the serum digitalis concentration as a test for digitalis toxicity should (1) study patients with similar toxic manifestations, (2) obtain control concentrations from nontoxic patients with symptoms suggesting toxicity, (3) define criteria for toxicity and nontoxicity, (4) select representative patients, (5) describe the study population and (6) analyze how much diagnostic information the serum digitalis concentration provides that cannot be inferred from other observations. To determine if available evidence validates the digitalis concentration as a test for toxicity 27 reports were reviewed. No investigation employed symptomatic controls. Of five studies most consistent with points 1-5 only three demonstrated higher mean serum digitalis concentrations in toxic patients. Whether knowledge of the digitalis concentrations was diagnostically more useful than knowledge of the digitalis dosage, renal function, serum potassium concentration and cardiac status was not determined in any study. The usefulness of the serum digitalis concentration as a test for digitalis toxicity is therefore not established.

Adult↗