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Biomedical subjects

P Gallagher

Publications and source records attributed to P Gallagher.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Cutaneous perianal recurrence of cancer after anterior resection using the EEA stapling device.

We present a case of cutaneous recurrence from an adenocarcinoma of the rectum, which was diagnosed 7 months after anterior resection of the primary tumour had been performed using the EEA stapling device to fashion the anastomosis. We propose that the recurrence was caused by the seeding of exfoliated tumour cells into an area of perianal skin which was abraded during the introduction of the stapling gun.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Cryptosporidiosis in the Isle of Thanet; an outbreak associated with local drinking water.

An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the Isle of Thanet during December 1990 and January 1991. A total of 47 cases ranging in age from 2 months to 85 years were identified in residents from the Margate, Broadstairs and Ramsgate areas, with dates of onset of illness from 3 December to 14 January. A case-control study demonstrated a strong statistical association between illness and the consumption of unboiled tap water from a particular source, with evidence of a dose-response relationship. Although no cryptosporidial oocysts were identified in samples of untreated or treated water taken during the investigation, the results were consistent with the view that the source of infection was treated river water which was used to supplement borehole water.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The epidemiology of AIDS in the New York and California Medicaid programs.

An epidemiological analysis of the impact of AIDS on the New York and California Medicaid programs was conducted for 1983-1986. The epidemic affected the New York and California Medicaid programs in several similar ways. The total number of cases grew rapidly over the study time period. In both states, the epidemic was mostly confined to the young adult (21-44 years) age group. Cases were geographically concentrated and highly localized even within counties, but evidence of geographic dispersion to counties outside of the urban centers was also evident. Some dramatic differences were also found between California and New York. Patients with claims histories of drug use were far more likely to be found in the New York population and the proportion of other adult males (our proxy for the homosexual risk group) was higher in California. A much higher proportion of New York's population was female (30 vs. 5%). New York also had many more pediatric cases. Most importantly, New York's raw number of cases was substantially higher than California, with approximately three times as many cases during the time period (1983-1986). There is also substantial evidence that transmission of the disease to heterosexual partners of drug users places heterosexual urban minorities at grave risk of contracting the disease through interaction with infected persons.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Uncommon complications of laparoscopic sterilisation.

We present three unusual complications of laparoscopic sterilisation with clinical presentation, pathology and management. We discuss the possible aetiological factors, pathogenesis and clinical importance in relation to each case.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Rigid sigmoidoscopy: an evaluation of three parameters regarding diagnostic accuracy.

Rigid sigmoidoscopy is the method employed for examining the rectum and sigmoid colon in most general surgical clinics. Commonly, this is performed without any prior preparation of the bowel and with the patient in the left lateral (Sims') position. This study was designed to assess three factors relating to this method: preparation of the bowel; position of the patient; and the experience of the operator. The study shows that diagnostic accuracy without preparation is adequate in only 50 per cent of cases but, by employing a preliminary disposable (Fletcher's) enema, this can be improved to 80 per cent. Employing the knee-elbow position gave only slight advantage over the usual Sims' position and operator experience did not improve diagnostic accuracy once familiarity with the use of the sigmoidoscope had been achieved. The study underlines the importance of preparation as an essential prelude to sigmoidoscopy.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Pseudocyst following splenectomy: impact of CT and ultrasound on its diagnosis and management.

Three cases of pseudocysts occurring after splenectomy are presented. Sonography and computed tomography were helpful in diagnosing the pseudocysts as well as providing guidance for subsequent drainage. Demonstration of a cystic mass adjacent to the tail of the pancreas following splenectomy suggests the diagnosis of postsplenectomy pseudocyst and has important implications for clinical management.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Molecular characterization of T-cell antigen receptor expression by subsets of CD4- CD8- murine thymocytes.

Precursors of all T-lineage cells are found in a population of thymocytes that lack the CD4 and CD8 surface glycoproteins. These "double-negative" thymocytes are markedly heterogeneous in their expression of other surface markers and include cells at various stages of development. In this study, CD4- CD8- adult murine thymocytes were separated into subsets based on the expression of the "heat stable antigen" (HSA) and of Ly 1 (CD5). The sorted subsets were analyzed directly (without prior expansion in culture) for T-cell antigen receptor (TcR) gene rearrangement and mRNA expression and for TcR and CD3 cell-surface protein expression. Very little surface CD3 or TcR expression was detected on the major HSA+ Ly 1low subset. However, the HSA+ Ly 1high, HSA- Ly 1high, and HSA- Ly 1low subsets all contained cells with surface expression of CD3 and TcR. In contrast to previous studies, we found no subset that exclusively expressed either the alpha beta or gamma delta heterodimer, although the ratio of alpha beta+ to gamma delta+ varied widely. Two of these three subsets (HSA- Ly 1low and HSA- Ly 1high) showed very high usage of V beta 8 gene products in the alpha beta heterodimer, but nevertheless included approximately equal to 15% non-V beta 8 alpha beta forms. All CD4- CD8- subsets were found to have extensively rearranged their TcR gamma genes and to express gamma mRNA. Expression of a high ratio of mature [1.3 kilobases (kb)] to truncated (1.0 kb) beta message and presence of alpha message was largely restricted to subsets with TcR alpha beta surface expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Addition of carbohydrate side chains at novel sites on influenza virus hemagglutinin can modulate the folding, transport, and activity of the molecule.

We have constructed and expressed a series of mutant influenza virus hemagglutinins, each containing a new consensus site for glycosylation in addition to the seven sites found on the wild-type protein. Oligosaccharide side chains were added with high efficiency at four of the five novel sites, located on areas of the protein's surface that are not normally shielded by carbohydrate. Investigations of the structure, intracellular transport, and biological activities of the mutant hemagglutinin molecules indicated that (a) supernumerary carbohydrate side chains can be used to shield or disrupt functional epitopes on the surface of hemagglutinin, and (b) the presence of an additional oligosaccharide may cause temperature-dependent defects in the transport of the glycoprotein. We discuss the addition of supernumerary oligosaccharides as a general tool for shielding chosen areas of the surface of proteins that enter or traverse the secretory pathway.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Effects of leukotriene B4 inhalation. Airway sensitization and lung granulocyte infiltration in the guinea pig.

Male Hartley guinea pigs were exposed by inhalation to leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and challenged 5 min or 4 h later with bronchoconstrictive aerosols of histamine or the divalent cationic ionophore A23187. Pulmonary gas trapping measured in excised lungs indicated the severity of post-challenge airway obstruction. Airway granulocyte infiltration was scored by an observer who was unaware of animal assignments. Treatment with LTB4 produced a marked influx of eosinophils and neutrophils into tracheal and bronchial airways. Granulocyte scores for LTB4-treated groups were 1.9 to 3.3 times higher than those for vehicle-treated groups at 5 min after exposure and 3.3 to 10.7 times higher at 4 h after exposure. Leukotriene B4 itself did not produce hyperinflation. However, histamine-induced gas trapping was increased 5 min after LTB4 exposure. Histamine responsiveness was unaffected 4 h after LTB4 treatment. In contrast, A23187-induced gas trapping was unaffected at 5 min, but diminished at 4 h after LTB4. Nonchemotactic stereoisomers of LTB4 did not produce granulocyte influx, but did produce altered airway responses similar to those seen for LTB4. We conclude that inhaled LTB4 produces airway granulocyte infiltration in the guinea pig and alterations in airway responsiveness that vary with the challenge stimulus and time after exposure. Alterations in airway responses may result from granulocyte-independent effects of LTB4 and its stereoisomers.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1987

Potential placenta previa: definition, frequency, and significance.

Sixty-three (5%) of 1239 women studied by sonography during the second trimester of their pregnancies had a diagnosis of placenta previa. Follow-up was available for 51 of the 63 patients; in three of these, the original diagnosis was complete placenta previa, and in the other 48, the first diagnosis was partial or marginal placenta previa. At term, placenta previa was seen in only four patients for an overall frequency of 0.3% (4/1227). In all three of the patients with complete placenta previa, the condition persisted from the second trimester to term; previa persisted in only one of 48 patients with marginal/partial previa. Because of the infrequent persistence of marginal or partial placenta previa to term, we recommend using the term "potential placenta previa" in the second trimester, with follow-up sonography indicated only for vaginal bleeding.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Inflammatory infiltrates in human coronary atherosclerosis.

The nature and density of coronary arterial inflammatory infiltrates were studied in autopsy material from 53 patients with no clinical or pathological evidence of ischaemic heart disease and from 22 acute cardiac deaths. Adventitial aggregates of inflammatory cells were present in 46% of cases and were slightly more frequent in arteries from patients with ischaemic heart disease. The majority of these cells were lymphocytes and immunohistochemical studies with monoclonal antibodies indicated that both B and T cells were present. Staining with polyclonal antibodies to macrophage antigens confirmed that some adventitial cells were macrophages. The reactions of foam cells within the atheromatous plaques were extremely variable but some foam cells gave unequivocably positive reactions with macrophage antibodies. There was a good overall correlation between the numbers of intimal and medial foam cells and the density of the adventitial lymphocytic infiltrates. It is suggested that these infiltrates develop as a secondary feature of atheromatous lesions and are unlikely to play a major role in their initiation or in the development of complications.

Adult↗