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Biomedical subjects

P G Reed

Publications and source records attributed to P G Reed.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Self-transcendence and depression in middle-age adults.

Self-transcendence has been found to be an important correlate of mental health in older adults and adults facing the end of life. This study extends current theory by examining the relationship of transcendence and other transcendence variables to depression in middle-age adults (N = 133). Reed's Self-Transcendence Scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and measures of parenting, acceptance and spirituality were administered. Findings indicating significant inverse correlations between self-transcendence and depression, as well as between other measures of transcendence and depression support Reed's (1991b) theory. Multiple regression analysis indicated that acceptance may be another significant correlate of depression. Significant gender differences and age-related patterns of increased levels of self-transcendence were found. Study results illuminate the need to continue research into developmentally based transcendence variables related to various experiences of health and well-being across the life span.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

A holistic view of nursing concepts and theories in practice.

This article offers an alternative view to Hall's statements concerning concepts and theories in nursing practice. This article also represents an example of how journal articles can be forums for ongoing dialogue about the complex matters related to developing nursing knowledge. New ideas are presented by which the concept of self-transcendence, developmental theory, and theory in general are viewed from a holistic perspective rather than the perspectives offered in Hall's article. In contrast to Hall's claims about theory and about developmental theory in particular, theory is discussed as integral to holistic nursing practice.

Holistic Health↗
PubMed1997

Improving outpatient clinic efficiency using computer simulation.

To assess and plan alterations in outpatient clinic structure, produces a computer simulation of an outpatient clinic based on detailed time and role measurements from the authors' clinic. The stimulation which used an object-oriented design method is able to indicate the impact of changes in clinic structure using patient and doctor waiting times in clinic as endpoint measures. The effects of changes in clinic size, consultation time, patient mix, appointment scheduling and non-attendance were examined. We found that patient waiting time could be shortened considerably by using an optimizing appointment scheduler to determine appointment intervals. Clinic mix influences patient waiting time, which was shorter with a 1 in 4 ratio of new to follow-up patients. In mixed clinics, new patients appointments are optimally spread throughout the clinic to reduce patient waiting time. In all new or all follow-up clinics, waiting time is improved if the appointment interval reflects the consultation time. Computer modelling can help in optimizing clinic management so improving the delivery of care in outpatient services.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed1997

Nursing: the ontology of the discipline.

The purpose of this article is to contribute to clarifying the ontology of the discipline by extending existing meanings of the term nursing to propose a substantive definition. In this definition, nursing is viewed as an inherent human process of well-being, manifested by complexity and integration in human systems. The nature of this process and theoretical implications of the new nursing are presented. Nurses are invited to continue the dialogue about the meaning of the term and explore the implications of nursing, substantively defined, for their practice and science.

Health↗
PubMed1996

Transforming practice knowledge into nursing knowledge--a revisionist analysis of Peplau.

Nursing practice typically has been viewed as applying knowledge. However, currently, there is increasing awareness that nursing practice is also a process of knowledge development. Still, research and practice are not always connected. Analysis of Peplau's works illuminates a scholarship of nursing practice that is relevant today. This paper focuses on a specific strategy and philosophic perspective, as derived from Peplau, for integrating nursing practice more fully into today's knowledge development. Emphasis is on the need for nursing practice-based theory, as well as nursing theory-based practice.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1995

Elders' perceptions of the role of group psychotherapy in fostering self-transcendence.

Psychotherapeutic goals and interventions for older adults, like those for children and other age groups, need to be developmentally appropriate. Past clinical research has shown that self-transcendence is a resource for mental health in later life. The effectiveness of group psychotherapy in facilitating self-transcendence in elders was examined, applying a method of analysis in which a small, intact clinical sample could be used to generate data for research purposes. Results, based on a matrix analysis of group members' perceptions, indicated that group psychotherapy enhanced self-transcendence in various ways. Group psychotherapy may be used not only as a cost-effective treatment modality, but also as a theory-based intervention that is developmentally-appropriate for elders.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

A treatise on nursing knowledge development for the 21st century: beyond postmodernism.

This article explicates a framework for nursing knowledge development that incorporates both modernist and postmodernist philosophies. The framework derives from an "open philosophy" of science, which links science, philosophy, and practice in development of nursing knowledge. A neomodernist perspective is proposed that upholds modernist values for unified conceptualizations of nursing reality while recognizing the dynamic and value-laden nature of all levels of theory and metatheory. It is proposed that scientific inquiry extend beyond the postmodern critique to identify nursing metanarratives of nursing philosophy and nursing practice that serve as external correctives in the critique process. Philosophic positions related to the science, philosophy, and practice domains are put forth for continued dialogue about future directions for knowledge development in nursing.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Operations research survey and computer simulation of waiting times in two medical outpatient clinic structures.

Outpatient services are increasingly recognised as an important component of health care provision and may be improved through the application of modern management techniques. We have performed a time and role audit of consultation and waiting times in two medical clinics using different queuing systems: namely, a serial processing clinic where patients wait in a single queue and a quasi-parallel processing clinic where patients are directed to the shortest queue to maintain clinic flow. Data collected were used to construct a computer simulation of patient flows in clinic. Assessment of patient satisfaction in the clinic process was determined using a self-administered questionnaire. Mean waiting time was shorter in the quasi-parallel processing clinic: 26 (SD 17) minutes compared with 36(24) minutes in the serial processing clinic. In the serial processing clinic 61% of patients waited more than 30 minutes compared with 41% in the quasi-parallel processing clinic. In the serial processing clinic 8% of 142 patients surveyed complained of the time spent waiting. The computer simulation we produced was able to determine waiting times with different clinic structures. The simulation showed that reductions in waiting time up to 30% might be achieved by changing our serial processing clinic to a quasi-parallel processing one. Performance of medical outpatient clinics can be improved by examining and changing clinic management. Computer simulation of outpatient clinics offers a means of assessing the impact of such changes on waiting time in clinic and on waiting lists.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

An emerging paradigm for the investigation of spirituality in nursing.

A paradigm is presented as a perspective for the investigation of spirituality in nursing. Elements in the paradigm include assumptions about the self-transcendent nature of human beings as derived from the developmental-contextual worldview, a description of spirituality in terms of various forms of connectedness integral to human development and health, and assumptions about the empirical and multidimensional nature of spirituality. Extant sources of conceptual, empirical, and clinical knowledge are utilized to support the ideas put forth in the emerging paradigm. It is concluded that the study of spirituality from the perspective of the paradigm would entail examination of the multiple expressions of connectedness intrapersonally, interpersonally, and transpersonally as related to human health and well-being.

Holistic Health↗
PubMed1991

Preferences for spiritually related nursing interventions among terminally ill and nonterminally ill hospitalized adults and well adults.

The purpose of this study was to determine terminally ill and nonterminally ill hospitalized patients' preferences for spiritually related nursing interventions and to identify differences between the two groups. Additionally, preferences of well adults were examined in comparison to the hospitalized groups. Clinical knowledge in nursing as well as empirical work provided background for the study. Three hundred adults participated in the study by responding to structured and open-ended questions about specific nursing interventions that they thought would help meet their spiritual needs. Significant differences were found across the groups, including a higher preference for more direct, spiritually related nursing interventions and more negativity about the nurse's role in caregiving as expressed by the nonterminally ill group.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Toward a nursing theory of self-transcendence: deductive reformulation using developmental theories.

The purpose of this article is to explicate the development of an emerging middle-range nursing theory of self-transcendence. The process of developing the theory was based largely on the method of "deductive reformulation." Using this strategy, theoretic knowledge derived from life span developmental psychology was reformulated based on Rogers' conceptual system. Clinical experience and empirical investigations were also important in the theory development process. The theory of self-transcendence is potentially useful for application in various nursing settings where clients' well-being may be compromised by end-of-life issues.

Human Development↗
PubMed1989

Nursing theorizing as an ethical endeavor.

This article addresses the ethical dimensions of nursing theorizing. Nursing theorizing, whether it occurs primarily at the outset or emerges during the process of inquiry, is inescapably linked to the theorist's value choices and beliefs about human beings, the environment, and health. These choices are reflected in the conceptual frame of one's research. The normative commitment of the conceptual frame is explored using examples from nursing and nonnursing research. Elements of critical ethical reflection are outlined. It is suggested that the discipline's understanding of what constitutes health and how best to promote health, as well as solutions to ethical dilemmas posed by research, may be enhanced by purposeful ethical inquiry that occurs as an integral component of theorizing activities.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1989

An analysis of the concept of self-neglect.

A dimension of self-care that has rarely been studied but that nonetheless poses serious problems for efforts to enhance health is self-neglect. Self-neglect here refers to clients who display a pattern of intentionally neglecting prescribed self-care activities despite available resources and knowledge. This article presents the results of a concept analysis of self-neglect as a first step toward further theory development, research, and eventual practical applications. The literature review addresses suicidology and noncompliance as areas significant to analysis of the concept. Ethical, personal, and esthetic as well as empirical sources of knowledge are included as relevant to the conceptualization of self-neglect. Several case examples are constructed to distinguish self-neglect from other health-related behaviors that are potentially harmful. Measures designed to address the complexity of the concept are outlined as the empirical referents. It is concluded that the concept analysis of self-neglect can help to extricate nurse theoreticians and clinicians from conceptual ruts so that new answers to old but challenging problems related to self-care will be discovered.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Spirituality and well-being in terminally ill hospitalized adults.

Initial research into the significance of spirituality among terminally ill adults was extended. Two hypotheses were examined using three groups of 100 adults matched on age, gender, education, and religious background: a) Terminally ill hospitalized adults indicate a greater spiritual perspective than nonterminally ill hospitalized adults and healthy nonhospitalized adults. b) Spiritual perspective is positively related to well-being among terminally ill hospitalized adults. All 300 participants completed the Spiritual Perspective Scale, Index of Well-Being, and other information. Planned comparisons analysis results supported the first hypothesis; low but significant correlation lent support to the second hypothesis. Differences among groups on recent change in spiritual views also were examined; a significantly larger number of terminally ill adults indicated a change toward increased spirituality than did nonterminally ill or healthy adults.

Adult↗