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P Freeling

Publications and source records attributed to P Freeling.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Prescribing at the hospital-general practice interface. I: Hospital outpatient dispensing policies in England.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outpatient dispensing policies of major acute hospitals in England. DESIGN: Postal questionnaire survey in November 1990. SETTING: All (278) major acute hospitals in England with more than 250 beds, excluding maternity, paediatric, or psychiatric hospitals; nine hospitals declined. PARTICIPANTS: Hospital chief pharmacists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Current dispensing policy and exceptions to it; when the policy was formed; and who was involved in its formation. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were received from 200 (72%) of the hospitals approached. The quantities of drugs dispensed to outpatients ranged from zero in 12 hospitals to unlimited amounts in nine; nearly half (92) dispensed a 14 days' supply of drugs. The greater the restriction on outpatient dispensing, the more recently the policy had been introduced (chi 2 for trend = 7.15; df = 1; p less than 0.01). Permissible exceptions to the policy included the consultant's specific request (134 hospitals), difficulty in obtaining drugs in the community (102), urgent need for start of treatment (49), and certain types of patients (41) or drugs or their regimens (104). Groups who were neither represented on the hospital committee concerned with policy formation nor consulted before policy changes included regional health authorities in 122 hospitals, district health authorities in 101 hospitals, and general practitioners in 32 hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient dispensing policies varied considerably among the hospitals surveyed, but they seemed to be moving towards greater restrictions on the supply of drugs given to outpatients.

Drug Prescriptions↗
PubMed1992

Prescribing at the hospital-general practice interface. II: Impact of hospital outpatient dispensing policies in England on general practitioners and hospital consultants.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact on general practitioners and hospital consultants of hospital outpatient dispensing policies in England. DESIGN: Postal questionnaire and telephone interview survey of general practitioners and hospital consultants in January 1991. SETTING: 94 selected major acute hospitals in England. PARTICIPANTS: 20 general practitioners in the vicinity of each of 94 selected hospitals and eight consultants from each, selected by chief pharmacists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportions of general practitioners unable to assume responsibility for specialist drugs and of consultants wishing to retain responsibility; association between dispensing restrictions and the frequency of general practitioners being asked to prescribe hospital initiated treatments. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were obtained from 1207 (64%) of 1887 general practitioners and 457 (63%) of 729 consultants. 570 (46%) general practitioners felt unable to take responsibility for certain treatments, principally because of difficulty in detecting side effects (367, 30%), uncertainty about explaining treatment to patients (332, 28%), and difficulty monitoring dosage (294, 24%). Among consultants 328 (72%) wished to retain responsibility, principally because of specialist need for monitoring (93, 20%), urgent need to commence treatment (64, 14%), and specialist need to initiate or stabilise treatment (63, 14%). The more restricted the drug supply to outpatients, the more frequently consultants asked general practitioners to prescribe (p less than 0.01) and complete a short course of treatment initiated by the hospital (p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Restrictive hospital outpatient dispensing shifts clinical responsibility on to general practitioners. Hospital doctors should be able to retain responsibility for prescribing when the general practitioner is unfamiliar with the drug or there is a specialist need to initiate, stabilise, or monitor treatment.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1992

Efficacy of cod liver oil as an adjunct to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in the management of osteoarthritis in general practice.

A double blind, placebo controlled trial was carried out to assess the efficacy of cod liver oil as an adjunct treatment to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the management of osteoarthritis in general practice. Eighty six patients were given 10 ml of either cod liver oil or olive oil placebo daily as a supplement to their regular NSAID treatment for 24 weeks. Patients were assessed by their general practitioner at four week intervals for joint pain/inflammation, overall interference with activities, and unwanted effects of treatment. Patients recorded on visual analogue scales their daily pain and the extent to which arthritis interfered with everyday activities. There was no significant benefit for the patients taking cod liver oil compared with those taking placebo.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Role of general practitioners in care of long term mentally ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess general practitioners' involvement with long term mentally ill patients and attitudes towards their care. DESIGN: Postal questionnaire survey. SETTING: General practices in South West Thames region. SUBJECTS: 507 general practitioners, 369 (73%) of whom returned the questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of adult long term mentally ill patients whom general practitioners estimate they have on their lists and general practitioners' willingness to take responsibility for them. RESULTS: 110 respondents had noticed an effect of the discharge of adult long term mentally ill patients on their practices. Most (225) respondents estimated that they had 10 or fewer such patients each on their lists. Having higher numbers was significantly associated with practising in Greater London or within three miles of a large mental hospital and having contact with a psychiatrist visiting the practice. 333 general practitioners would agree to share the care of long term mentally ill patients with the psychiatrist by taking responsibility for the patients' physical problems. Only 59 would agree to act as a key worker, 308 preferring the community psychiatric nurse to do it. Only nine had specific practice policies for looking after long term mentally ill patients and 287 agreed that such patients often come to their general practitioner's attention only when there is a crisis. CONCLUSIONS: The uneven distribution of long term mentally ill patients suggests that community pyschiatric resources might be better targeted at those practices with higher numbers of such patients. Most general practitioners seem to be receptive to a shared care plan when the consultant takes responsibility for monitoring psychiatric health with the community nurse as key worker. The lack of practice policies for reviewing the care of long term mentally ill patients must limit general practitioners' ability to prevent crises developing in their care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1991

HIV/AIDS workshop for primary health care staff.

The purpose of this study was to develop and pilot a workshop to train general practitioners and other primary care workers to become competent in the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The development of the workshop took place at four venues in the South West Thames Region and involved 41 general practitioners and 33 primary care nurses. Questionnaire evaluation before and immediately after each workshop showed a significant improvement in participants' attitudes towards the prevention and management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in general practice. We conclude that a suitably designed workshop can be effective in improving the attitudes of primary health care workers towards AIDS prevention and care.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

AIDS: knowledge, skills and attitudes among vocational trainees and their trainers.

In order to assess the adequacy of learning about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in vocational training for general practice, a postal questionnaire survey was carried out among trainers and their trainees in seven health regions of England and Scotland. A total of 616 trainers (62%) and 538 trainees (58%) responded to the questionnaire asking about their knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding HIV and AIDS. Trainees' principal difficulties with HIV and AIDS resembled those of general practitioners currently in practice. More than 60% of trainees lacked knowledge about HIV and AIDS in babies, 50% would not accept intravenous drug misusers onto their list, only 12% found it easy to discuss sex with homosexual male patients, and only 37% felt able to offer counselling about HIV and AIDS. Trainees who had had a tutorial on HIV and AIDS as part of vocational training were significantly more knowledgeable than the remainder (P less than 0.01). In addition, trainees who found workshops on HIV and AIDS useful were more willing than others to take on drug misusers (P less than 0.05) and more confident in their ability to counsel patients with HIV infection (P less than 0.01). No significant associations were found between the trainers' own knowledge, attitudes and skills regarding HIV and AIDS and those of their trainees. It is concluded that there is a need to improve teaching about HIV and AIDS in vocational training for general practice. All general practitioner trainees should receive a tutorial to update their knowledge about HIV and AIDS, and attend a suitable workshop to challenge unfavourable attitudes and improve confidence in counselling.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Why are hospital admission and mortality rates for childhood asthma higher in New Zealand than in the United Kingdom?

New Zealand has higher mortality and hospital admission rates for asthma than England and Wales. To determine the reasons for this the available data on asthma mortality and hospital admissions from the Auckland region of New Zealand were compared with data from the South West Thames Region of England for 1979-86 and data from previous surveys on prevalence of wheeze (Auckland 1985, Croydon 1978). In addition, a survey of general practitioners was carried out to determine their approach to the management of asthma, patient simulations being used. Asthma mortality in children of European descent aged 5-14 years was 2.5 times higher in Auckland than in South West Thames. The reported lifetime, 12 month, and one month prevalences of wheeze were also higher in Auckland (by 18.5%, 32.1%, and 87.5%). Unexpectedly, the hospital admission rate for asthma in children of European descent aged 5-14 years was 5% less in Auckland than in South West Thames. Comparative studies of hospital case notes and of the replies from general practitioners showed that in Auckland the duration of illness before admission was greater and that general practitioners were less likely to admit patients with acute asthma. The overall standard of general practitioner care in Auckland was, if anything, higher than in South West Thames but in both areas there was considerable variation. On balance it was concluded that the higher mortality rate in New Zealand is explained by higher levels of morbidity rather than relative deficiencies in care. Nevertheless, the implications of the lesser use of hospital care for acute asthma observed in Auckland need further consideration.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Treatment of peptic ulcer in general practice and in hospital: a comparison of omeprazole and cimetidine.

The aim of this study was to compare duodenal ulcer healing and symptom relief after two and four weeks treatment with omeprazole or cimetidine in groups of patients treated in general practice and as hospital out-patients. It was a randomised, double-blind, parallel group study with stratification for trial centre (hospital or GP). Endoscopy was performed at entry, after two weeks and, if unhealed at two weeks, after four weeks. All endoscopies were carried out in hospitals. In all, 189 patients were randomised (98 omeprazole, 91 cimetidine), 79 (42 per cent) of which by GPs, to either omeprazole 20 mg om (n = 41) or cimetidine 800 mg nocte (n = 38) for two to four weeks. After two weeks, ulcer healing occurred in 56 per cent (omeprazole) and 29 per cent (cimetidine) (p less than 0.05) of patients treated by GPs, and 67 per cent (omeprazole) and 36 per cent (cimetidine) (p less than 0.005) of those treated as hospital out-patients. Similar differences in healing rates were seen after four weeks. Omeprazole produces faster duodenal ulcer healing than cimetidine whether patients are treated as hospital out-patients or by GPs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Survey to establish the incidence of minor side effects in infants following protective immunization.

A study of the minor side effects from the immunization of children against diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus, diphtheria/tetanus, and measles is reported. The sample of 306 children received 1028 vaccinations. A secondary study of measles vaccine was made on 177 immunizations. A diary card was used to provide control data before injections and to measure the increase in incidence of minor symptoms after injection. The reported incidence of side effects after both diphtheria/tetanus and measles vaccinations was low and the patterns similar. The increase in side effects was greater after diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus injection, particularly when there was soreness at the injection site. The incidence of soreness was lower when the site of the injection was the buttock rather than the arm. The diary card was found to be an effective method of providing control data and of monitoring any increase in the incidence of minor symptoms following immunizations. The information obtained should assist health care workers to provide accurate advice and to reassure parents who are concerned about their children's protection.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1989

Randomized controlled trial of small group education on the outcome of chronic asthma in general practice.

The effectiveness of small group education of general practitioners in the management of asthma was evaluated by randomized controlled trial. The outcome measure was the asthma morbidity of the general practitioners' own patients. Following random selection from the list of one family practitioner committee in suburban London, the 27 participating general practitioners were allocated randomly to one of two educational groups or to a control group. The educational intervention comprised eight meetings at which the management of chronic asthma was discussed and attempts made to devise agreed strategies for care. The two educational groups devised different strategies. Asthma morbidity was assessed by postal questionnaires to patients before the intervention and on five further occasions at six-monthly intervals over two and a half years. Of 454 patients who entered the study 338 completed the sixth and final assessment. The degree of morbidity experienced by the patients and their reported use of asthma specific drugs was considerable and was notably constant over the period of study. There was no difference in morbidity between the three groups at the outset and no effect of the intervention could be demonstrated. In this educational intervention the participating general practitioners were not informed about the morbidity and drug use reported by their patients. This information may be crucial if small groups are to be used to design and implement effective strategies for care. It would appear that small group education of general practitioners in the form reported here is not effective in reducing morbidity from chronic asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Are tricyclic antidepressants useful for mild depression? A placebo controlled trial.

Depressions in general practice tend to be mild and non-endogenous. The value of antidepressants and indications for their use in such depressions are not well documented. One hundred and forty one general practice depressives were treated from four to six weeks with amitriptyline in median dose 125 mgs daily or placebo in a randomised controlled trial. Significant drug placebo differences were apparent by two weeks and were strong by six weeks. Detailed examination of symptom ratings showed that the effect was a true antidepressant one, on core symptoms of depression. Interactions were examined between drug-placebo differences and a range of predictor characteristics. There were no significant interactions for demographic characteristics, history of illness or endogenous depression in terms of symptom pattern, absence of life stress or non-neurotic personality. Drug was superior to placebo in all subgroups. Only for initial severity of illness were significant interactions found. Amitriptyline was superior to placebo in probable and definite major depressions on the Research Diagnostic Criteria but not in minor depressions. It was also superior to placebo in patients with initial Hamilton Scale scores of more than 12, but not 6-12. Overall these findings indicate that tricyclic antidepressant is of clear therapeutic benefit in a spectrum of milder depressions except for the most mild of these.

Amitriptyline↗