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Biomedical subjects

P Congdon

Publications and source records attributed to P Congdon.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Modelling migration flows between areas: an analysis for London using the census and OPCS Longitudinal Study.

"This paper analyses migration between the London boroughs using a discrete probability model, but with a correction for excess dispersion to that expected under the Poisson process. Two sources of migration data are used: one-year migration from the 1981 Census; and ten-year migration from the OPCS Longitudinal Study. The evidence from both sets is that both housing and labour market factors are relevant to explaining interborough migration, in addition to the distance and mass terms of the basic gravity model. The labour market effects suggest that migration generally equilibrates differences in excess labour supply between the boroughs, though less strongly in the recession year 1980-81." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER)

Demography↗
PubMed1989

An analysis of population and social change in London wards in the 1980s.

"This paper discusses the estimation and projection of small area populations in London, [England] and considers trends in intercensal social and demographic indices which can be calculated using these estimates. Information available annually on vital statistics and electorates is combined with detailed data from the Census Small Area Statistics to derive demographic component based population estimates for London's electoral wards over five year periods. The availability of age disaggregated population estimates permits derivation of small area social indicators for intercensal years, for example, of unemployment and mortality. Trends in spatial inequality of such indicators during the 1980s are analysed and point to continuing wide differentials. A typology of population and social indicators gives an indication of the small area distribution of the recent population turnaround in inner London, and of its association with other social processes such as gentrification and ethnic concentration."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

The interdependence of geographical migration with job and housing mobility in London.

"A multinomial logit model is developed to analyse the association between residential migration within and from London with employment and tenure mobility. Migration is shown to interact more strongly with tenure change than career shifts, and with changes of workplace as against changes in occupation in general.... While occupational mobility and job-linked migration are higher among lower income workers, they are positively related to educational resources, confirming human capital models of job search."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Cost of neonatal care.

A six month evaluation of the costs of a regional neonatal medical and surgical unit was carried out. The total cost for six months was pounds 970,000 and this covered 4349 inpatient days and 282 admissions. For medical cases the cost ranged from pounds 132 to pounds 27,600 and the mean daily cost for different weight groups ranged from pounds 159 to pounds 274. The average daily cost for regional patients at pounds 258 was greater than for district patients who cost pounds 199. Altogether 23 medical patients weighing less than 1000 g at birth were admitted. The total cost for nine of these infants who died was pounds 30,991-about 3% of the unit's total budget.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of five tests used in diagnosis of neonatal bacteraemia.

The neutrophil count, immature:total neutrophil ratio, C reactive protein assay, nitroblue tetrazolium test and an acridine orange leucocyte cytospin test were evaluated for the diagnosis of neonatal bacteraemia. The acridine orange leucocyte cytospin test gave the highest specificity and positive predictive accuracy, but was less sensitive than the neutrophil count, C reactive protein assay or nitroblue tetrazolium test, particularly for the diagnosis of bacteraemia caused by coagulase negative staphylococci. No single test gave the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive accuracy of the combined results of the acridine orange leucocyte cytospin, C reactive protein, and nitroblue tetrazolium tests.

Acridine Orange↗
PubMed1988

Deprivation in London wards: mortality and unemployment trends in the 1980's.

"This paper describes the use of current estimates of population and economic activity for London's wards in developing small area social indicators. The particular focus is on changes in the spatial pattern of mortality and unemployment differences in the 1980s in relation to the wider incidence of deprivation in wards. A conditional model of change is developed for mortality and unemployment indices to assess whether spatial differences are widening over time and how far changes in these indices are linked to social class and deprivation. The evidence is of widening unemployment differences, and a slight widening in premature mortality."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

Electroimmobilization and ovine plasma cortisol concentrations: effect of current intensity, current duration and diazepam.

Whether the increases in plasma cortisol concentrations which are associated with electroimmobilization (E-IM) of conscious sheep are modified by current intensity, current duration or prior treatment with diazepam was assessed. Sheep were electroimmobilized at 30, 40 or 60 mA for one minute and at 40 mA for two or four minutes. After E-IM of one minute's duration, peak plasma cortisol concentrations occurred at 20 minutes and were 39.1 +/- 7.8 ng ml-1 at 0 mA (control), 56.7 +/- 9.6 ng ml-1 at 30 mA, 62.1 +/- 6.9 ng ml-1 at 40 mA and 78.4 +/- 3.2 ng ml-1 at 60 mA. Both the peak plasma cortisol concentrations and the integrated cortisol responses to E-Im were correlated with current intensity (P less than 0.01). The cortisol responses to E-Im at 40 mA for one, two and four minutes were not significantly different and the response to E-IM at 40 mA for one minute was not affected by the administration of diazepam (0.2 mg kg-1 intravenously) 15 minutes before E-IM. These results indicate that the cortisol response to E-IM is directly dependent on current intensity and that adrenocortical activation by E-IM may be minimised by choosing the lowest current at which effective restraint is maintained.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Electro-immobilisation of sheep may not reduce the aversiveness of a painful treatment.

Sheep were repeatedly chased down a race and were then either subjected to the noise of a shearing handpiece or had wool shaved off. An increase in the time that had to be spent pushing the sheep down the race indicated that the latter treatment was aversive. Similar results were obtained when the sheep were subjected to the same two treatments while electro-immobilised. This throws doubt on the analgesic effectiveness of electro-immobilisation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

'Methicillin-resistant' Staphylococcus aureus in a regional neonatology unit.

In December 1985 a neonate was transferred to a Yorkshire Regional Neonatology Unit (RNU) from a neighbouring hospital and was subsequently found to be colonized with a 'methicillin-resistant' strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Spread of the MRSA was controlled by routine cross-infection methods. The RNU was not closed to new admissions, the economic cost of control measures was small and no neonatal death was attributable to MRSA infection. Eradication of the MRSA from the RNU was associated with a decline in frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) from blood cultures, but the overall frequency of positive blood cultures did not decline and there was a rise in frequency of isolation of Gram-negative bacterial species. The decline in frequency of CNS isolates from blood cultures may have resulted from a reduction in the level of cross-colonization of neonates with antibiotic-resistant CNS strains and also increased usage of erythromycin and vancomycin.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1986

Effect of birthplace on infants with low birth weight.

From December 1983 to June 1985, 162 infants of less than 32 weeks' gestation or weighing less than 1,500 g, or both, were cared for at the regional neonatal intensive care unit in Leeds. Of the 162, 64 (40%) were born in the unit because their mothers had received antenatal care there, 58 (36%) were born in another hospital and subsequently transferred, and 40 (25%) were transferred in utero because of potential complications. The overall mortalities for each group were 14%, 38%, and 18% respectively. These differences were significant, but when they were corrected for gestation, birth weight, and mode of delivery there was no difference in either the mortality or the incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage in the three study populations. Although there seem to be no distinct advantages of in utero transfer in terms of mortality and morbidity, there are other psychological and emotional advantages.

England↗
PubMed1986

Modelling population changes in small English urban areas.

The authors examine processes underlying the growth of small urban areas in England. "There is evidence of 'people-led' growth in environmentally attractive locations (for example, through retirement migration). However, growth of small- and medium-sized towns also reflects employment decentralisation and deconcentration to freestanding or satellite towns, and the extension of commuter hinterlands.... Government policies encouraging growth are also demonstrated to be significant." The processes resulting in population decline in some small towns are identified. "The impact on modelling growth in urban areas of a diversity of causal processes and locational contexts for growth is considered."

Behavior↗
PubMed1985

Neonatal systemic candidiasis.

Ten babies who required neonatal intensive care developed systemic candidiasis. Eight were extremely preterm (28 weeks' gestation or less) and all received prolonged ventilation, multiple courses of broad spectrum antibiotics, and intravenous hyperalimentation. Diagnosis was established by culture of yeasts from suprapubic urine specimens; venous blood cultures proved unreliable. Initial treatment with 5-flucytosine alone in eight babies and combined with amphotericin B in two, eradicated the infection in nine babies, the treatment failure arising through diagnostic delay and development of resistance to 5-flucytosine. Prophylactic topical antifungal drugs, regular screening of suprapubic urine specimens, and prompt use of systemic antifungal agents before multifocal infection becomes established may reduce the incidence and improve outcome.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1985

Prognosis for babies born with fused eyelids.

The overall mortality for babies referred to our unit with fused eyelids was 68.7%; but when severe skin bruising was present only one of 18 babies survived (5.6%). This compares with a survival rate of 75% for those not bruised at or soon after birth. Skin bruising invariably indicates a very poor prognosis in babies born with fused eyelids.

Contusions↗
PubMed1984

Analysis of ethnic influence on stillbirths and infant mortality in Bradford 1975-81.

The patterns of mortality from birth to 1 year in Bradford were studied in the seven year period 1975-81. Large differences in mortality between the Asian and non-Asian population were shown. In 1981 77% of Bradford Asian families were of Pakistani origin, the remaining 23% consisting of families from other parts of the Indian subcontinent and a few from East Africa. There were excess mortality with associated congenital abnormality in the Asian population. From 1975 to 1981 there were 133 deaths associated with congenital abnormality (a rate of 12.4 per 1000 total births) in the Asian population compared with a figure of 129 (4.8 per 1000) in the non-Asian population. The differences between the two groups are shown to be largely independent of social class, and other possible reasons for the discrepancy between the Asian and non-Asian populations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Mineral content of the forearms of babies born to Asian and white mothers.

Vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnant Asian women. The effect of maternal vitamin D deficiency on fetal skeletal mineralisation was assessed by measuring the bone mineral content of babies born to 45 Asian women, 19 Asian women who had received 1000 units of vitamin D during the last trimester, and 12 white women. The mean cord blood concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in the three groups were 5.9 +/- SE 0.9 nmol/l (2.4 +/- SE 0.4 ng/ml), 15.2 +/- 3.2 nmol/l (6.1 +/- 1.3 ng/ml), and 33.4 +/- 3.6 nmol/l (13.4 ng/ml), respectively. Despite this wide variation in values there was no significant difference in the bone mineral content (as assessed by photon absorptiometry) of the forearms of babies born to these women. This suggests that mineralization of the fetal skeleton is not impaired in maternal vitamin D deficiency. Craniotabes (skull softening) was present in seven of the 64 Asian babies. The bone mineral content in these babies was not significantly different from that of babies without this sign, and craniotabes should not therefore be taken as an indication of a generalized impairment in skeletal mineralization.

Adult↗