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Biomedical subjects

P Castillo

Publications and source records attributed to P Castillo.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effect of fat and fat-free mass deposition during pregnancy on birth weight.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of our study were to describe the patterns and location of fat and fat-free mass deposition during pregnancy and to evaluate their effects on fetal growth. STUDY DESIGN: Our study is a prospective follow-up of 105 healthy pregnant women who were delivered of term infants. Body composition was evaluated eight times during gestation with anthropometric measures and bioimpedance techniques. Body fat and fat-free mass were calculated with equations specifically developed for this population. RESULTS: Total weight gain was 10.0 +/- 3.5 kg; net weight gain was 3.7 +/- 0.31 kg; birth weight was 3211 +/- 467 gm (values are mean +/- SEM). In these women fat was deposited mostly in the thigh and subscapular region for a total of 6.23 +/- 0.19 kg at term. The period of pregnancy of the largest maternal fat deposition per week is between the twentieth and thirtieth weeks. After adjusting by prepregnancy weight, birth weight is associated with maternal changes in thigh skin folds and fat gain before the thirtieth week of gestation. Infants born to mothers with low fat gain before the thirtieth week were 204 gm lighter than infants born to mothers with fat gain > or = 25th percentile of this population. CONCLUSION: Maternal nutritional status at the beginning of gestation and the rate of fat gain early in pregnancy are the two nutritional indicators most strongly associated with fetal growth in this population.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Effect of the infusion of p-Glu-His-Ala-OH, analog of the anorexigenic peptide, on the insulin response induced by intravenous glucose. Preliminary results with obese subjects.

The effect of the intravenous infusion of peptide p-Glu-His-Ala-OH, analog of the postulated anorexigenic peptide, on the insulinaemic response to an intravenous bolus of 20 g glucose was studied in 6 obese patients (body mass index 43.12 +/- 5.77 kg/m2). The infusion of the peptide reduced the insulinaemic response (p < 0.05) without modifying either the C-peptide or the glucose response. This decreased insulinaemic response is associated with a greater hepatic extraction of insulin (86.45 +/- 1.1% vs 82.1 +/- 1.2%; p 0.05), determined in terms of the molar ratio of the C-peptide to insulin) but not with a smaller pancreatic secretion (determined as C-peptide levels). Our results confirm that the infusion of the peptide increases the hepatic insulin extraction without its effect being mediated by any intestinal factor. Its therapeutic application remains to be determined.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Strychnine blockade of the non-reciprocal inhibition of trigeminal motoneurons induced by stimulation of the parvocellular reticular formation.

Stimulation of a region within the parvocellular medullary reticular formation (PcRF) that contains somas of premotor interneurons produces short latency inhibitory synaptic potentials (IPSPs) in cat trigeminal motoneurons. The present study was undertaken to determine whether glycinergic synapses are responsible for these IPSPs. The intravenous administration of strychnine, an established glycine antagonist, abolished these PcRF-IPSPs. This effect appears to be specific for glycinergic inhibitory synapses because the short lasting component of the IPSP produced by inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) stimulation was also abolished, whereas, in contrast, the long lasting non-glycinergic component of this IPSP was not suppressed. These results indicate that a glycinergic system in the reticular formation is responsible for the non-reciprocal postsynaptic inhibition of trigeminal motoneurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A medullary inhibitory region for trigeminal motoneurons in the cat.

The present report describes the effects on trigeminal motoneurons of stimulation of a circumscribed site within the parvocellular region of the medullary reticular formation. This medullary site was selected because anatomical studies have shown that premotor interneurons project from this site to the trigeminal motorpool. Electrical stimulation of this site induced IPSPs (PcRF-IPSPs) in jaw-closer motoneurons. A population of these IPSPs, recorded contralateral to the site of stimulation, exhibited latencies shorter than 1.5 ms (mean 1.16 +/- 0.08 SD). Their mean amplitude was 1.72 mV +/- 1.13 SD and their mean duration was 3.52 ms +/- 2.15 SD. We believe that these PcRF-IPSPs arose as the result of activation of a monosynaptic pathway. A comparable inhibitory input from this site to ipsilateral jaw-closer motoneurons and to both contra and ipsilateral digastric motoneurons was also observed. We therefore conclude that this medullary PcRF site contains premotor interneurons that are capable of postsynaptically inhibiting motoneurons that innervate antagonistic jaw muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Meal size and frequency: effect on the thermic effect of food.

The effects of meal size and frequency on thermic effect of food (TEF) were examined in seven healthy normal-weight young women. Each volunteer consumed in random order one of two identical meals [3138 kJ (750 kcal), 54.5% carbohydrate, 14.0% protein, 31.5% fat]. One meal was taken over 10 min [large meal (LM)] whereas the other was taken in six equal portions of 523 kJ (125 kcal) at 30-min intervals over a 3-h period [small meals (SM)]. Metabolic rate was measured for 1 h before and every 30 min after the meal started for 5 h. When expressed as either kJ/min (kcal/min) or kJ/5h (kcal/5h), TEF was significantly higher in the LM day than in the SM day (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the temporal pattern in which a mixed caloric load is eaten affects the thermogenic response and may be an important determinant of energy balance after a meal.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Non-reciprocal postsynaptic inhibition of digastric motoneurons.

This study was undertaken to explore the effects, on digastric motoneurons, of electrical stimulation of a site within the parvocellular medullary reticular formation (PcRF). This site is located lateral to the hypoglossal nucleus and ventral to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Within this site are somas of premotor interneurons that project to trigeminal motor nuclei. Stimulation of this site resulted in the generation of IPSPs in digastric motoneurons. We postulate that these IPSPs were due to the activation of a monosynaptic path from the PcRF to digastric motoneurons. The present results, in conjunction with those previously reported which indicate that the PcRF also induces monosynaptic IPSPs in masseter motoneurons, demonstrate that this is a site of origin for the postsynaptic inhibitory control of motoneurons that innervate both jaw opening and closing muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Ill-defined causes of death in the elderly].

Over one-half of death certificates from elderly people contain ill-defined causes of death. Usually, signs and symptoms rather than causes of death are registered. Electrolyte imbalance, decubitus ulcer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc are some of the most frequently quoted conditions. Adequate preventive programs are jeopardized by lack of more precise information regarding the cause of death and relevant associated conditions in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Improved lactose digestion during pregnancy: a case of physiologic adaptation?

Loss of intestinal lactase activity among adults could theoretically limit milk consumption and hence dietary availability of calcium during pregnancy. The present study sought to define, using breath hydrogen (H2) production as an index of incomplete carbohydrate absorption, the prevalence during pregnancy of lactose maldigestion of 360 mL of milk (18 g of lactose), and to determine whether lactose digestion improved as pregnancy advanced. The prevalence of lactose maldigestion among 114 pregnant women tested before the 15th week of gestation was 54%. By term, 44% of those originally classified as maldigesters had become digesters. There was a significant reduction in the four-hour sum of the changes in breath H2 concentration from the period before 15 weeks (116.6 +/- 9.6 ppm) to the time after 36 weeks (54.4 +/- 7.3 ppm; P less than .01). This apparent adaptive improvement in intestinal handling of milk lactose during gestation has implications for calcium intake and absorption.

Acidosis, Respiratory↗
PubMed1986

Childhood near-death experiences.

We nonselectively interviewed 11 patients aged 3 through 16 years who had survived critical illnesses, including cardiac arrests and profound comas. Any memory of a time they were unconscious was considered to be a near-death experience (NDE) and was recorded. Seven of these children had memories that included being out of the physical body (six patients), entering darkness (five patients), being in a tunnel (four patients), and deciding to return to the body (three patients). We also interviewed 29 age-matched survivors of illnesses that required intubation, narcotics, benzodiazepines, and admission to an intensive care unit. None of them had any memories of the time they were unconscious. In our study population, NDEs were clearly associated with surviving a critical illness. The elements of NDEs reported are similar to those previously described in adults. No children described elements of depersonalization as part of their NDEs. A core NDE, triggered by the process of dying or resuscitation efforts, may be a natural developmental experience. We present a neurophysiologic hypothesis as to the cause of NDEs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

Thigh lift.

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Lipodystrophy↗