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Biomedical subjects

P Batra

Publications and source records attributed to P Batra.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Anatomy of the abdomen, back, and pelvis as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging: Part One.

In April 1986, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thorax and shoulder girdle was presented to the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Anatomists. These images were the authors' first attempt to correlate the magnetic resonance display of the muscles and soft tissues of the chest in the coronal plane with surface gross anatomy. The original purpose of this study was to introduce the role of magnetic resonance imaging to anatomists, medical students, and the specialty of radiology. However, this approach has been expanded by imaging other sections of the body and applying the display of surface anatomy to augment the teaching of anatomy to surgical oncology, pathology, and kinesiology. This three-part article will display magnetic resonance images and will explain how magnetic imaging of the soft tissues can visually augment the teaching of gross anatomy without dissecting surface tissues.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

Anatomy of the abdomen, back, and pelvis as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging: Part Two.

In April 1986, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thorax and shoulder girdle was presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Anatomists. These images were the authors' first attempt to correlate the magnetic resonance display of the muscles and soft tissues of the chest in the coronal plane with surface gross anatomy. The original purpose of this study was to introduce the role of magnetic resonance imaging to anatomists, medical students, and the specialty of radiology. However, this approach has been expanded by imaging other sections of the body and applying the display of surface anatomy to augment the teaching of anatomy to surgical oncology, pathology, and kinesiology. This three-part article will display magnetic resonance images and will explain how magnetic imaging of the soft tissues can visually augment the teaching of gross anatomy without dissecting surface tissues.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

Anatomy of the abdomen, back, and pelvis as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging: part three.

In April 1986, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thorax and shoulder girdle was presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Anatomists. These images were the authors' first attempt to correlate the magnetic resonance display of the muscles and soft tissues of the chest in the coronal plane with surface gross anatomy. The original purpose of this study was to introduce the role of magnetic resonance imaging to anatomists, medical students, and the specialty of radiology. However, this approach has been expanded by imaging other sections of the body and applying the display of surface anatomy to augment the teaching of anatomy to surgical oncology, pathology, and kinesiology. This three-part article will display magnetic resonance images and will explain how magnetic imaging of the soft tissues can visually augment the teaching of gross anatomy without dissecting surface tissues.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1988

Diagnostic imaging techniques in mediastinal malignancies.

Mediastinal masses occur in both men and women of every age, and close to half of affected patients are asymptomatic. Screening of asymptomatic persons is not economically feasible. Symptomatic patients should be evaluated initially with posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs. Additional imaging techniques may be required in patients suspected of having a mediastinal mass, when there is a questionable abnormality seen on chest radiographs or when local or systemic symptoms suggest a mediastinal mass. These techniques include oblique views, over-penetrated radiographs, and fluoroscopy of the chest. Computerized tomography of the chest is the imaging modality of choice for further assessment of a mediastinal mass. It can also be an important adjunct in radiotherapy portal planning. The use of other imaging modalities depends on the location of the tumor, the equipment available, and the expertise of local radiologists. In following up treated patients for disease recurrence, periodic chest radiographs are usually sufficient. Computerized tomography scans, because of their expense, should only be obtained as a baseline after completion of therapy or in patients with a suspected relapse.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of intrathoracic extent of lung cancer by plain chest radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.

A comparison was made of the ability of plain chest radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect and assess the intrathoracic extent of lung cancer in 46 patients. The chest radiographs (CXR) were obtained with a high kilovoltage phototimed technique. The CT scans were obtained with a GE 9800 machine and the MRI studies with a 0.3 Tesla permanent magnet imaging system. The primary tumor was well demonstrated by all 3 imaging techniques; however, the configuration of lesions was best demonstrated by CT. MRI was superior to CXR and CT for demonstrating hilar involvement in 4 cases. CT and MRI were generally comparable for demonstrating mediastinal involvement but were superior to CXR. In 2 cases, small normal size nodes seen on CT were considered to be a single large abnormal node on MRI. Because of the paucity of signal from flowing blood, compression and displacement of vessels were easier to identify with MRI. In 1 case, a small pleural effusion was better seen with CT than with CXR or with MRI. Direct chest wall involvement in 1 case was not seen by CXR. Vertebral body abnormality in another case was seen only by MRI and not by CXR or CT. At present, MRI, with its long scanning time, motion degradation of the image, and poor spatial resolution, is inferior to CT for imaging lung cancer. For evaluation of intrathoracic extent of lung cancer, CT remains the procedure of choice after performing plain chest radiography.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Diagnostic imaging techniques in lung carcinoma.

For the early detection of lung cancer at a stage when it is localized and hence resectable, persons in a high-risk group should be screened periodically with sputum cytologic studies and chest radiographs. For determination of the intrathoracic extent of a lesion, posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs should be followed by computerized tomography to evaluate the hila, mediastinum, pleura, and chest wall. Computerized tomographic examination of the chest should be extended to include the upper abdomen. The adrenal glands can be evaluated by such examination, but adequate examination of the liver requires both precontrast and postcontrast computerized tomography scans. The radiologic workup for assessing distant metastases to the liver, brain, or bone should be performed only when clinical and biochemical findings suggest such metastases. For detection of recurrent carcinoma following treatment, computerized tomograms of the chest are more sensitive than routine radiographs. Magnetic resonance imaging may prove useful in the future for initial staging and for differentiating posttreatment fibrosis from recurrent bronchogenic carcinoma.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

Efficacy and complications of transthoracic needle biopsy of lung in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS.

Transthoracic needle biopsy of lung was performed under fluoroscopic guidance in 16 patients with AIDS or suspected AIDS for diagnosing 18 episodes of possible P carinii infection. Diagnostic information was obtained in 15 of 18 cases. P carinii (10) and other infections agents (5) were diagnosed by TNB. The complications were pneumothorax in 44% (17% requiring chest tube drainage) and minor hemoptysis in 11%. Our incidence of pneumothorax following TNB in patients with diseases other than AIDS is 17% with 4.8% requiring chest tube drainage. Although TNB under fluoroscopic guidance is a cost-effective, rapid procedure with a high diagnostic yield, it is frequently complicated by pneumothorax in AIDS patients with diffuse pulmonary disease. This procedure should therefore only be performed in AIDS patients when transbronchial biopsy has failed to provide the diagnosis and prior to considering such patients for open lung biopsy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

The fat embolism syndrome.

The clinical fat embolism syndrome consisting of progressive pulmonary insufficiency, cerebral disfunction, and petechiae is rare. Following severe skeletal trauma, fat droplets appear in the circulating blood and embolize the capillaries of the lungs and other organs. Whether fat droplets are of mechanical or chemical origin remains controversial. These fat droplets cause mechanical occlusion of lung capillaries followed by chemical changes associated with hydrolysis of the neutral fat to free fatty acids. The free fatty acids produce a toxic and inflammatory reaction resulting in pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and microatelectasis. The clinical and radiographic abnormalities appear after an initial latent period of 12 to 72 hours. The chest radiographic findings are nonspecific and consist of bilateral patchy or diffuse alveolar and interstitial lung densities. With aggressive management the survival has markedly improved, and mortality is now rare.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Mediastinal imaging in myasthenia gravis: correlation of chest radiography, CT, MR, and surgical findings.

Chest radiographs and CT and MR images of the mediastinum were studied in 16 patients with myasthenia gravis who underwent thymectomy (two with a final diagnosis of thymoma, seven with hyperplasia, and seven with a normal thymus). The anterior mediastinum was analyzed on imaging studies for thymic morphology and the presence of mass lesions, and the findings were then correlated with the results of surgical resection and pathologic examination. The chest radiographs detected an anterior mediastinal mass in two patients consistent with thymoma on subsequent CT and MR examinations. Chest radiographs in the other 14 patients were normal. In seven patients with a final diagnosis of thymic hyperplasia, both CT and MR demonstrated normal thymic morphology in five, an enlarged thymus in one, and a small thymus in one that was easily identified on CT but was difficult to define on MR. In the other seven patients with a normal thymus on pathologic examination, both CT and MR showed an involuted thymus in four, a normal thymus in two, and an enlarged thymus in one. While both CT and MR were superior to chest radiography for studying the thymus, CT provided better spatial resolution and thymic definition in a much shorter scanning time than MR did. This study suggests that CT should remain the procedure of choice when further imaging of the thymus is needed after the initial chest radiographs in patients with myasthenia gravis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cardiac tumors and thrombus: evaluation with MR imaging.

Thirty patients with a suspected cardiac or pericardial mass underwent MR imaging. Twenty-six also had two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, and three also had CT; one patient had MR only. Overall, 18 (60%) of the 30 patients were found to have a mass lesion. The lesion was confirmed by biopsy, surgery, or unequivocal demonstration on CT, 2D echocardiography, and/or MR imaging. Fourteen of the lesions were soft-tissue or tumor masses, and four were thrombi. The findings on 2D echocardiography and MR were in agreement in 17 (65%) of 26 patients who had both studies. MR was equivocal or in error in two patients (7%), and 2D echocardiography was nondiagnostic in seven (27%). In all seven patients with equivocal 2D echocardiography, the diagnosis was made by MR. In the four patients who did not have 2D echocardiography, MR showed the mass clearly. MR imaging is useful in the diagnosis of cardiac mass lesions. It can be used effectively in addition to 2D echocardiography to increase the certainty of diagnosis, and it is useful when 2D echocardiography is equivocal or inadequate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Computerized chest tomography in asbestos workers suspected of having pleural disease.

Forty-five computerized tomographic (CT) chest studies were performed on workers suspected of having pleural disease after being exposed to asbestos material. Ten of the 45 reviewed were court cases, and 32 workers acutely exposed at University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) were studied with routine four views of the chest. CT confirmed the initial interpretation of chest films obtained at UCLA.

Asbestosis↗
PubMed1985

Percutaneous needle lung aspiration for diagnosing pneumonitis in the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Fourteen patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or suspected AIDS underwent percutaneous needle lung aspiration (PNLA) for evaluation of 16 occurrences of acute pneumonitis. A 22-gauge spinal needle was passed 2 to 3 times in the area of greatest radiographic involvement under fluoroscopic guidance. The specimen was immediately placed on microscope slides for Gomori's methenamine silver and Papanicolaou staining. The needle was then flushed with sterile water for bacterial, Legionella, viral, mycobacterial, and fungal cultures, and for Legionella immunofluorescent staining. Diagnostic information was provided by 14 of the 16 procedures. Of 11 patients ultimately found to have P. carinii pneumonitis, PNLA specimens were diagnostic in 10 (91%). Infectious agents other than P. carinii also were identified by PNLA, including cytomegalovirus (4 cases), M. avium-intracellulare (1 case), and pyogenic bacteria (3 cases). Complications of PNLA were: pneumothorax in 7 cases (44%), 3 (19%) of which required chest tube evacuation; and minor hemoptysis (less than 50 ml) in 2. The PNLA can be a useful diagnostic procedure in the patient with AIDS and pneumonitis. It has the advantages of being less costly and time-consuming than fiberoptic bronchoscopy. It is, however, frequently complicated by pneumothorax, making it an inappropriate approach for patients with significant respiratory compromise.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1983

Rapid, isocratic separation of purine nucleotides using strong anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography.

A method is presented for the rapid, isocratic separation of purine nucleotides using strong anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography at ambient temperature. The last peak of interest guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) is eluted within 30 min and immediate reinjection is possible. All adenine and guanine nucleotides can be assayed with a single injection without the use of a gradient for elution. The procedure is particularly useful for the assay of NTP:AMP phosphotransferase reactions and/or the determination of changes in size of cellular purine nucleotide pools and computation of energy charges. An Altex Ultrasil AX prepacked column was used, and virtually identical results were obtained under similar conditions with the Whatman Partisil-10 SAX column. The eluting solution was 200 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.85.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1983

Asbestosis and the serratus anterior muscle.

Twenty-seven patients with a history of asbestos exposure were reviewed at the UCLA Medical Center in December 1981. All patients were referred by the United States Department of Labor. The patients were told they had asbestosis on the basis of their history of exposure and chest radiographs taken at a local asbestos screening program and initially interpreted by a "B" reader. None of the 27 patients reviewed were found to have evidence of asbestosis either clinically or radiographically. The false-positive radiographic interpretations were due to the extrathoracic musculature (serratus anterior) mimicking intrathoracic disease. Since the study described here was done, an additional 330 patients have had their radiographs reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Wrist arthrography.

Wrist arthrography is an adjunctive procedure that may be valuable to the clinician. Although it is sensitive to particular abnormalities, it lacks the specificity to completely diagnose a given condition. Information gained by arthrography can be used a supportive evidence, in conjunction with clinical and laboratory findings, to aid in the management of individual patients.

Arthritis↗