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Biomedical subjects

P Bakke

Publications and source records attributed to P Bakke.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Smoking and ulcer perforation.

BACKGROUND: The use of ulcerogenic drugs is the only well documented risk factor for peptic ulcer perforation, but accounts for only a quarter of the events. Smoking is a well known risk factor for uncomplicated ulcer disease, and patients with ulcer bleeding have increased death rates from smoking related disorders. AIM: To assess the role of smoking in ulcer perforation. SUBJECTS: A total of 168 consecutive patients with gastroduodenal ulcer perforation and 4469 control subjects from a population based health survey. METHODS: The association between ulcer perforation and smoking habits was analysed by logistic regression while adjusting for age and sex. RESULTS: Current smoking increased the risk for ulcer perforation 10-fold in the age group 15-74 years (OR 9.7, 95% CI 5.9 to 15.8) and there was a highly significant dose-response relationship (p < 0.001). The results were similar in men (OR 9.3, 95% CI 4.9 to 17) and women (OR 11.6, 95% CI 5.3 to 25), and for gastric (OR 10.5, 95% CI 4.5 to 25) and duodenal (OR 8.6, 95% CI 4.9 to 15.4) ulcer perforation. No increase in risk was found in previous smokers (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.2). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that smoking is a causal factor for ulcer perforation and accounts for a major part of ulcer perforations in the population aged less than 75 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Serum respiratory virus antibodies: predictor of reduced one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) in Norwegian adults.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether the presence of serum complement antibodies was associated with reduced one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) in adults. METHODS: From a stratified random sample of 18-73 year old adults, we performed measurements of serum complement fixing virus antibodies against influenza type A and B, parainfluenza type 1, 2, and 3, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus on 82% (n = 1239). RESULTS: In the crude data, subjects having five of the seven virus antibodies had significantly lower lung function, given as sex-, age- and height-standardized residuals of FEV1 (SFEV1), compared with those without. After adjusting in addition for smoking habits, lifetime smoking consumption and season, the lung function levels were significantly lower in subjects with influenza type B and respiratory syncytial virus antibodies compared to those without (P < 0.01). Increasing influenza and respiratory syncytial virus antibody titres and increasing numbers of virus antibodies, respectively, were related to progressively lower lung function. Subjects with respiratory symptoms but without obstructive lung disease had lower antibody levels than subjects with obstructive lung disease, but higher levels than asymptomatic subjects. In a final multiple linear regression analysis adjusting in addition for respiratory symptom and disease status as well as for the other respiratory virus antibodies, the presence of respiratory syncytial virus antibodies was a significant predictor for reduced SFEV1 (regression coefficient: -0.226; SE = 0.112; P = 0.04). The magnitude of the effect on lung function remained after excluding subjects reporting symptoms of respiratory infection within 3 weeks prior to the examination (regression coefficient: -0.252; SE = -0.218; P = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional community study indicates that respiratory syncytial virus infection or re-infection is an independent predictor for reduced lung function in adults of a wide age range.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Serum house dust mite antibodies: predictor of increased bronchial responsiveness in adults of a community.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of serum specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies was associated with increased bronchial responsiveness in adults. We studied cross-sectionally a random community sample of 18-73 year old adults, of whom 83% (n = 489) performed bronchial responsiveness testing as well as serum measurements of five specific IgE antibodies. In the crude data, 39% of those with house dust mite antibodies (n = 18) had a bronchial responsiveness < or = 32 g.L-1 methacholine compared with 19% in subjects without any of the five specific IgE antibodies (n = 453). The corresponding percentages for subjects with timothy antibodies (n = 16) was 25%, birch antibodies (n = 13) 23%, cat antibodies (n = 10) 40% and mould antibodies (n = 2) 50%. When assessing the multivariate relationship between the presence of one specific IgE antibody and degree of bronchial responsiveness we used a semi-proportional hazards model with the response as a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) from pretest value. Covariates included in the model were: gender, age, pretest FEV1, smoking habits, pack-years, season and other specific IgE antibodies than that examined. The presence of house dust mite antibodies was a significant predictor (p < 0.01) of increased bronchial responsiveness in never- and ex-smokers. Indoor allergic sensitization (house dust mite, cat and mould) was a significant predictor of increased bronchial responsiveness, while outdoor allergic sensitization (timothy and birch) was not. Excluding subjects with obstructive lung disease (n = 39) or including the covariate log total serum IgE as a potential confounder yielded the same result. Thus, in this community, indoor allergic sensitization rather than allergic sensitization per se was related to increased bronchial responsiveness after adjusting for other relevant covariates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Respiratory virus antibodies in adults of a Norwegian community: prevalences and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: The aims were to examine prevalences as well as demographic and environmental predictors of respiratory virus antibodies in serum. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 18-73 year old Norwegian adults a random stratified sample (n = 1512) was invited to attend an examination at an outpatient clinic. Seven respiratory virus antibodies were assessed by the complement fixation test. RESULTS: The attendance rate was 84%. The most frequent virus antibodies with titre of > or = 1:8 were influenza virus type A with a population standardized prevalence of 44%, adenovirus 25% and influenza virus type B 22%. The prevalences of antibodies against parainfluenza virus type 1, 2 and 3 increased with age. Smokers compared to non-smokers had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-2.4) for having one or more of the seven examined virus antibodies. The presence of one or more of the virus antibodies increased from summer to winter months (adjusted OR = 1.3 per month; 95% CI: 1.2-1.4) and it was higher in occupational dust or gas exposed smokers (adjusted OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1-3.7) compared with unexposed smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Ageing, smoking, occupational dust or gas exposure as well as season of the year may thus be predictors for levels of respiratory virus antibodies in adults. These observations should be taken into account when comparing prevalences of virus antibodies in various communities as well as when examining the relationship between presence of virus antibodies and airway disease.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1995

Total serum IgE and FEV1 by respiratory symptoms and obstructive lung disease in adults of a Norwegian community.

BACKGROUND: The importance of total serum IgE level on lung function impairment has not been established in a general population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cross-sectional community study was to examine the relationship between total serum IgE and level of lung function in adults, and whether this relationship differed by sex, age, smoking habits or by respiratory symptoms and disease status. METHODS: A stratified random sample of 18-73 year old adults from the general population were invited to spirometry and serum analyses of total and specific IgE. Of 1512 subjects invited, 82% met and performed complete examinations. RESULTS: Increasing level of total serum IgE was related to reduced lung function (P < 0.01) given as sex, age, and height standardized residuals of one second forced expiratory volume (SFEV1). Subjects with total serum IgE in the highest vs the lowest tertile had a mean SFEV1 of -0.28, corresponding to age and height adjusted FEV1 differences of 120 and 150 mL in women and men, respectively. The relationship between IgE and lung function impairment did not differ significantly by sex, age or smoking habits. In subjects with obstructive lung disease increasing level of total serum IgE was more negatively associated with lung function level than in subjects with respiratory symptoms alone. No relationship was observed in asymptomatic subjects. This was confirmed in a multiple linear regression analysis adjusting for sex, age, smoking habits and lifetime smoking consumption showing that SFEV1 was predicted by an interaction between total serum IgE level and symptom and disease status (P < 0.01). This interaction remained after excluding subjects (n = 105) having specific IgE antibodies. CONCLUSION: Increasing total serum IgE level was associated with progressively lower lung function in a general adult population after taking other predictors of impaired spirometric lung function into account, though dependent on the subjects' respiratory symptom and disease status. Variation in prevalences of respiratory symptoms and obstructive lung disease in previous examined populations may thus explain conflicting observations of the association between total IgE and airflow impairment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Serum house-dust-mite antibodies and reduced FEV1 in adults of a Norwegian community.

In this cross-sectional study we investigated whether the presence of specific serum IgE antibodies to house dust mite, timothy, birch, cat, and mold was associated with a reduced FEV1 in adults. We performed complete examinations on 82% of a stratified random sample of 18 to 73-yr-old adults (n = 1,239). Subjects with house-dust-mite antibodies had lower (p = 0.002) sex, age, and height standardized residuals of FEV1 (SFEV1) than those without any specific IgE antibody. This relationship did not differ significantly by sex, age, smoking habit, total serum IgE level, or season, and remained significant after excluding subjects with obstructive lung disease. For house-dust-mite antibodies we also observed a dose-response relationship between antibody levels and impaired lung function. In a final multiple linear regression analysis the presence of house-dust-mite antibodies was the only significant predictor (regression coefficient: -0.425; SE = 0.189; p = 0.02) of reduced SFEV1 after adjusting for smoking habit and lifetime tobacco consumption, season, total serum IgE level, and respiratory-symptom and disease status. Thus, house-dust-mite allergy is an independent predictor of reduced lung function in adults of a wide age range.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Total and specific serum IgE levels in adults: relationship to sex, age and environmental factors.

We studied total and specific serum IgE levels cross-sectionally, potential predictors of obstructive lung disease, in a stratified random sample of 18-73-year-old adults (n = 1512). The attendance rate was 84%. The total IgE level and prevalences of specific IgE antibodies against house dust mite and cat were higher for men than for women. Specific IgE levels decreased by increasing age, while total IgE decreased in women only. Smokers had a higher IgE level than non-smokers, while non-smokers had more often specific IgE antibodies against timothy and birch than smokers. Subjects with occupational dust or gas exposure had a higher total IgE level than unexposed. The general population prevalences were for specific IgE antibodies against timothy 4.5%, house dust mite 3.2%, birch 2.6%, cat dander 1.6% mould 0.2% and against any of these 7.6%. In a multivariate analysis age, occupational dust or gas exposure as well as the interaction terms between sex and age and between smoking and pack-years were independent predictors for total IgE levels. Male sex, young age, never having smoked and the season of the year were independent predictors for having one or more of the five specific IgE antibodies. Subjects with total serum IgE in the highest quintile (> or = 66 kU/l) had an adjusted odds ratio of 37 (95% confidence interval: 11-120) for having one or more of the specific IgE antibodies examined, compared with those in the lowest quintile (< 5 kU/l). Demographic and environmental factors were thus predictors of total and specific IgE levels in this adult community.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

High-dose inhaled steroids in asthmatics: moderate efficacy gain and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Research Council of the Norwegian Thoracic Society.

We wanted to evaluate the improvement in efficacy when increasing the daily dose of inhaled steroids and to compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerance of 1.6 mg beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) with that of 2.0 mg fluticasone propionate (FP). The study was a randomized, double-blind, 3 month, multicentre study. One hundred and thirty four asthmatics currently using inhaled steroids (0.4-1.6 mg BDP or budesonide (BUD)) were stratified according to pretrial daily steroid use. Within each stratum they were randomized to either 1.6 mg BDP or 2.0 mg FP. A significant increase in the primary efficacy variables, i.e. mean morning and evening peak expiratory flow (PEF) (approximately 20 l.min-1) during the treatment period, was found for both treatments. No significant differences between the drugs were revealed for these primary or any other secondary efficacy variables (use of beta 2-agonists, symptom scores, and PEF, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) recorded at the clinical visits). However, significant differences between treatments occurred regarding decrease of serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone. We conclude that, although both treatments gave statistically significant increases in efficacy parameters when compared with baseline, the increases were so small that they can be regarded as being clinically unimportant. Daily doses of BDP, 1.6 mg, and FP, 2.0 mg, had comparable effects on lung function. A suppression of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis was only found with a daily dose of 2 mg FP.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1992

[Obstructive lung disease in a Norwegian population group--risk factors and occurrence].

In an ordinary Norwegian population which we studied, one in 13 persons suffered from an obstructive lung disease--bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive lung disease. The prevalence of the disease was the same in both sexes, but increased with age. There was a strong association between smoking and the disease. Occupational airborne pollution was an important risk factor. Taking the longest job held as a basis for the study, the adjusted odds ratio for obstructive lung disease in those exposed to a high degree of airborne pollution was 2.5 relative to those not so exposed. There was no difference between urban and rural areas in the frequency of the disease. Allergy and bronchial hypersensitivity were both associated with obstructive lung disease. Greater efforts should be put than at present into preventing obstructive lung disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide in an asymptomatic population of never smokers.

BACKGROUND: Data on reference values of transfer factor variables in general populations of asymptomatic never smokers are limited. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between test variables and age, height, haemoglobin concentration and carboxyhaemoglobin concentration. METHODS: Measurements of single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO) were obtained for a randomly selected sample of never smokers in north western Europe who were 18-73 years old and had no respiratory symptoms or disorders. Two recordings of TLCO with a ratio of inspiratory vital capacity to forced vital capacity of greater than 0.09 were obtained by standardised techniques for 304 subjects. RESULTS: The measurement errors expressed as a percentage of the common mean value of TLCO, volume adjusted TLCO (KCO), and alveolar volume (VA) were 4.5%, 4.2%, and 2.4% respectively. Multiple linear regressions showed sex specific effects of height and age on TLCO, and, in addition, of haemoglobin and carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations on KCO. VA was associated with height but not with age. The 5th and 95th centiles for TLCO and KCO in men and women were between 78% and 82% and between 120% and 127%, respectively, of predicted values when age and height were taken into account. CONCLUSION: Reference equations and normal values for transfer test variables in a large healthy population of never smokers are described in relation to age, height, and haemoglobin concentrations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations and KCO in a population of never smoking men and women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Occupational airborne exposure of the general population of a Norwegian county.

Occupational airborne exposure was examined for a stratified sample (N = 1275) of the general population aged 18-73 years in Hordaland County, Norway. The subjects identified all jobs of more than six months since leaving school and stated whether they had been occupationally exposed to specific agents and work processes potentially harmful to the lungs. The prevalence in the population ever having been exposed was 18% for asbestos, 9% for quartz, 5% for aluminum dust, 6% for wood dust, 12% for metal gases, 12% for welding, 9% for soldering, and 1% for hairdressing. According to occupational title (last job), 3% of the population had held a job with a high degree of airborne exposure, 26% a job with moderate exposure, and 70% a job with no airborne exposure. During their worklife both the men and the women tended to leave polluted jobs more often than unpolluted jobs. Occupational exposure to airborne pollutants potentially harmful to the lungs is widespread in this Norwegian general population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Allergic diseases in Norway. Operative definition, occurrence and risk factors].

Cross-sectional surveys of Norwegian populations indicate that 14-17 per cent of the children below the age of 15 years have had an allergic disease. The corresponding figure in adults is 37 per cent. Among children allergic diseases tend to be more frequent in boys than in girls. In adults there is no significant sex-difference regarding the prevalences of hay fever and obstructive lung disease, while eczema and urticaria are more frequent in women than in men. There is an association of smoking, occupational airborne exposure and degree of industrialization to the prevalences of allergic diseases. There are indications of an increase in occurrence of allergic diseases. The need for standardized operative definitions of these diseases is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Occupational dust or gas exposure and prevalences of respiratory symptoms and asthma in a general population.

The relationship of occupational airborne, exposure to respiratory symptoms and asthma was examined using a self-administered questionnaire in a cross-sectional survey of a random sample (n = 4,992 subjects) of the general population aged 15-70 yrs of Hordaland county, Norway. The response rate was 90%. Twenty nine percent of the population had a history of occupational dust or gas exposure, 5% reported having been exposed to asbestos at work, and 4% reported quartz exposure. A history of occupational dust or gas exposure was associated with morning cough, chronic cough, phlegm when coughing, breathlessness on exercise, occasional wheezing and a physician's diagnosis of asthma after adjusting for sex, age, smoking habits and urban-rural area of residence. The adjusted relative odds ratios for the respiratory disorders in subjects exposed to dust or gas ranged from 1.6-1.9. The population attributable risk of occupational dust or gas exposure for the respiratory disorders ranged from 11-19%. The study indicates that respiratory disorders are independently associated with occupational airborne exposure in a Norwegian general population sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Hay fever, eczema and urticaria in southwest Norway. Lifetime prevalences and association with sex, age, smoking habits, occupational airborne exposures and respiratory symptoms.

Information on hay fever, eczema, urticaria, respiratory symptoms, smoking habits and occupational dust or gas exposure was obtained by a self-administered questionnaire from a random sample of 4992 subjects of the general population aged 15-70 years of the Hordaland county, Norway. The response rate was 90% of the sample. The lifetime prevalences of hay fever, eczema and urticaria were 10%, 25% and 9% of the respondents, respectively. Eczema and urticaria were more often reported by women than by men. The lifetime prevalence of hay fever decreased substantially by age in both sexes. A history of hay fever was inversely related to cigarette smoking. The lifetime prevalences of eczema and urticaria were associated with occupational dust or gas exposure after adjusting for sex, age, smoking habits and area of residence. Adjusted odds ratios of respiratory symptoms in subjects with hay fever were almost 2.0 compared with those without.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Postal survey on airborne occupational exposure and respiratory disorders in Norway: causes and consequences of non-response.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine causes for non-response in a community survey, and how non-response influences prevalence estimates of some exposure and disease variables, and associations between the variables. DESIGN: This was a cross sectional questionnaire study with two reminder letters. The questionnaire asked for information on smoking habits, occupational airborne exposure and respiratory disorders. SETTING: A random sample of 4992 subjects from the general population aged 15-70 years of Hordaland County, Norway. MAIN RESULTS: The overall response rate was 90%, with a 63% response to the initial letter. The response rates to the first and second reminder letters were 56% and 36% respectively. In 20% of the non-respondents an uncompleted questionnaire was returned with cause for non-response; in two thirds of these the cause for non-response was that the subject was not resident at the mailing address. A home visit to a random sample of 50 urban non-respondents provided further information on 29 subjects. A wrong address at the Central Population Registry and the subject's feeling of lack of personal benefit from a postal survey were the major reasons for non-response. Smokers were late respondents and subjects with respiratory disorders tended to be early respondents. CONCLUSION: The main reasons for non-response were a wrong mailing address and a feeling of lack of personal benefit from responding. Using only the initial letter would have changed the estimated prevalence of smokers from 39% to 35%. Otherwise, the estimated prevalence of the exposure and disease variables as well as the associations between them were only slightly changed after including the respondents to the first and second reminder letters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Smoking habits and lifetime occupational exposure to gases or dusts, including asbestos and quartz, in a Norwegian community.

Past or present occupational airborne exposure was recorded with a self-administered questionnaire sent to a random sample (N = 4992) of the 15- to 70-year-old population of Hordaland County, Norway. Completed questionnaires were returned by 90% of the sample. The respondents comprised 39% smokers, 20% ex-smokers, and 41% nonsmokers. Altogether 46% of the men and 12% of the women had a history of occupational gas or dust exposure. Occupational asbestos exposure was reported by 10% of the men and 0.4% of the women, and quartz exposure had been experienced by 8% of the men and 0.4% of the women. Smokers with a history of asbestos exposure represented 5% of the male population. Thirty percent of the smokers reported having been advised to stop smoking by a physician. The asbestos-exposed smokers had not received such advice more often than the smokers not exposed to asbestos. The findings indicate that airborne occupational exposure is widespread in the Norwegian County of Hordaland.

Adolescent↗