Effects of cypermethrin on the freshwater crab Trichodactylus borellianus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Braquiura).
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Ammonia↗
Biomedical subjects
P A Collins
Publications and source records attributed to P A Collins.
Stress in police officers: a study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force.
BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.
Adult↗
Form and content: looking at visual features of television.
Television viewing at home by 50 individuals in 5 age groups (2-, 5-, 8-, 12-year-olds, and adults) was recorded on 1-s time-lapse videotapes over 10-day periods. Coding was based on 5-min point samples. Analysis examined looking at the TV screen in relation to the visual presence of the features cuts, movement, animation, man, woman, child, and nonhuman; content features were child vs. adult programming and overt purposeful character behavior. Cuts, movement, and overt purposeful character behavior were positively related to looking independent of child vs. adult programming. Associations with looking for the remaining features depended on the viewer's age or sex or type of content within which they occurred.
Adolescent↗
Differential expression of lymphocyte homing receptors by human memory/effector T cells in pulmonary versus cutaneous immune effector sites.
The heterogeneous expression of lymphocyte homing receptors (HR) by the (CD45RA(low)/RO(high)) memory/effector T cell population in the human is thought to define subsets with tissue-selective recirculatory potential. To investigate further the localization characteristics of these T cells, we used multiparameter flow cytometry to quantitate T cell subsets defined by expression of the skin-selective HR called the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), the peripheral lymph node (PLN) HR L-selectin, the mucosal-associated HR alpha 4 beta 7-integrin, and the mucosal-associated adhesion molecule alpha e beta 7-integrin in either cutaneous or pulmonary immune effector sites and corresponding peripheral blood. Compared to peripheral blood, skin T cells were highly enriched for the CLA+/L-selectin+/alpha e beta 7-integrin- memory/effector subset, whereas lung memory/effector T cells were predominantly CLA-to low L-selectin-, and almost half were alpha e beta 7-integrin+. alpha 4 beta 7-integrin expressing memory/effector T cells were diminished in both skin and lung, suggesting that this HR is not a major participant in determining localization specificity in either of these sites. The characteristic pulmonary T cell HR phenotype did not significantly differ between the normal subjects and those with pulmonary inflammatory disease, and did not correlate with markers of T cell activation. Induction of a rapid up-regulation of pulmonary inflammation via intrabronchial allergen challenge in asthmatic patients tended to decrease localization specificity, resulting in a more general importation of memory/effector subsets. Taken together, these results suggest that tissue microenvironments play a major role in determining the character of local T cell infiltrates via their ability to import and retain memory/effector subsets selectively or, more generally, depending on the intensity of local inflammatory stimuli.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man. I. Differential regulation of the peripheral lymph node homing receptor L-selectin on T cells during the virgin to memory cell transition.
Conventional virgin lymphocytes of a given class show relatively homogeneous recirculation through secondary lymphoid tissues, whereas memory/effector populations are composed of distinct subsets with differential, often tissue-selective migratory capability. In keeping with these observations, CD45RAhigh/ROlow "virgin" T cells in human peripheral blood uniformly express the peripheral lymph node homing receptor (HR) L-selectin, whereas among the CD45RAlow/ROhigh "memory/effector" subset, the expression of this HR is bimodal. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for the generation of memory/effector T cell subsets with differential homing potential, we developed a multiparameter flow cytometric technique that defines a common pathway of post-thymic T cell differentiation in secondary lymphoid tissues. Our analyses indicate that the virgin to memory T cell transition is characterized by a stepwise, unidirectional progression through distinct CD45RA+/RO+ intermediates that allow the in vivo discrimination of early, middle, and late transitional T cells. In normal peripheral blood, few T cells with a transitional phenotype are identified, but in secondary lymphoid tissues, 2 to 10% of T cells have this phenotype, including those CD45RA+ T cells that 1) are morphologically blasts, 2) are in S or G2/M phase of the cell cycle, or 3) express activation Ag. General adhesion molecules (LFA-1, LFA-3, ICAM-1) are uniformly up-regulated concordant with changes in T cell expression of CD45RA/RO in all tissues examined. Early in the transition, L-selectin is also uniformly up-regulated, but in subsequent stages, T cell expression of this HR is preferentially down-regulated in mucosal lymphoid tissues, and retained in peripheral lymph node. Differential regulation of L-selectin can also be demonstrated in vitro by the activation of virgin T cells in the presence of specific cytokines--IL-2 induces L-selectin down-regulation, whereas IL-6 and particularly TGF-beta 1 promote L-selectin up-regulation. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that local microenvironments within particular secondary lymphoid tissues influence HR expression at the time of CD45RA/RO conversion, and thereby contribute to the formation of CD45RAlow/ROhigh memory/effector T cell populations with tissue-selective homing behavior.
Adult↗
Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man. II. Differential regulation of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, a tissue-selective homing receptor for skin-homing T cells.
Recent work indicates that a novel homing receptor (HR)/endothelial ligand pair--the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated Ag (CLA) and E-selectin--is involved in targeting a unique skin-associated subpopulation of memory T cells to cutaneous sites of chronic inflammation. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the generation of a memory T cell subset with skin-selective homing capability, we used multiparameter flow cytometry to assess the expression of CLA on T cells during initial T cell activation in secondary lymphoid tissues (the virgin to memory transition), and upon reactivation in skin. Our analyses indicate that in vivo induction of CLA (and E-selectin-binding ability) first occurs during the virgin to memory transition, and is regulated in a highly tissue-selective manner. The frequency of CLA expression on CD45RA+/RO+ transitional T cells within skin-associated peripheral lymph nodes was > fivefold higher than within the mucosal microenvironment of the appendix. In keeping with its role as a skin-selective homing receptor, levels of cell-surface CLA on T cells obtained from cutaneous blisters overlying delayed-type hypersensitivity sites were a mean 23-fold higher than on corresponding peripheral blood T cells, including all time points of lesional evolution. However, comparisons of CLA expression on resting vs activated skin blister T cells (HLA-DR - vs +, respectively) indicated that CLA expression, which is already quite high on the resting subset, appeared to be further up-regulated upon activation in skin. The critical involvement of local microenvironments in the regulation of CLA expression was also supported by in vitro studies demonstrating the necessity of specific secondary signals for the induction of CLA glycoproteins on mitogen-activated T cells. CLA up-regulation on both the virgin and memory T cell subsets was dependent on the presence of TGF-beta 1 (or, to a lesser extent, IL-6), but not a wide variety of other cytokines. Thus, the development of the CLA+ memory T cell subset is likely a product of the cumulative experience of those T cells with respect to local microenvironments at previous sites of activation, perhaps involving differential availability of bioactive TGF-beta 1 and/or IL-6 (both cytokines produced in skin). Repeated activation in skin or skin-associated peripheral lymph nodes may act to reinforce CLA expression on T cells functionally-associated with skin, and thus enhance the functional efficiency of these cells by preferentially focusing their recirculation to the skin or related sites.
Adult↗
The role of peripheral sudomotor blockade in the treatment of patients with sympathetically maintained pain.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the peripheral cholinergic system in patients with sympathetically maintained pain (SMP). Thirty-three patients with SMP were given Bier's block with 0.6 mg of atropine in 10 ml of saline or 10 ml of saline in a randomised double-blind manner. Pain intensity, pain relief and mood were assessed before and after each block using the visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition pain intensity was assessed at the same time using a categorical scale (CS). There was at least 1 week between each injection, and during this week the patients reported their pain intensity daily, using the CS. Three patients failed to complete both wings of the study and thus the results of the remaining 30 patients were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. No significant difference was found between atropine and saline on any parameter.
Adult↗
Interaction of inhibitin with the human erythrocyte Na+(Li+)i/Nao+ exchanger.
The kinetic interactions of inhibitin, a peptide isolated from cultured leukaemic promyelocytes, with erythrocyte Na+/Na+ and Na+/Li+ exchanges have been investigated. Inhibitin (1 microM) reduced the ouabain- and bumetanide-resistant sodium efflux and influx by equivalent amounts indicating an inhibitin-sensitive exchange component of 0.52 mmol/l per h. This value was not significantly different from that measured as the difference in sodium-rich (140 mM) and sodium-free media (0.49 mmol/l per h). Similarly, the inhibitin-sensitive lithium efflux was equivalent to the sodium/lithium countertransport component (0.36 vs. 0.34 mmol/l per h), indicating that both exchanges were mediated by the same transport process, which is inhibitin-sensitive. The dose-response curve revealed the presence of a single inhibitin binding site per exchanger with a Ki of 2.10(-7) M. In kinetic inhibition studies, inhibitin (0.1 microM) decreased the Vmax of ouabain- and bumetanide-resistant sodium efflux with no effect on the Km for external sodium, i.e., inhibitin displayed a non-competitive mechanism of action. These findings indicate that inhibitin interacts with the Na+(Li+)i/Nao+ exchanger at a site distinct from the sodium binding site.
Biological Transport↗
Changes in the advertised demand for nurse practitioners in the United States, 1975-1986.
Legislative and reimbursement policies have presented barriers to employment and autonomy for nurse practitioners since the beginning of the nurse practitioner movement in 1965. Greater resistance to NPs in the 1980s was predicted because of a sluggish economy and burgeoning oversupply of physicians. In this study, quantitative content analysis was used to examine 1,022 job advertisements published in The Nurse Practitioner: The American Journal of Primary Health Care from 1975 to 1986. Unstandardized regression analysis was used to compare changes in the demand for nurse practitioners by region, employment setting, job duties, specialty, employment time (full- or part-time), degree required or preferred for the position, and whether the ad specified a joint practice arrangement. Contrary to the predictions of past research, the demand for nurse practitioners increased during this time period, with a greater tendency toward primary care.
Advertising↗
Assessing the clinical significance of anti-Cra and anti-M in a chronically transfused sickle cell patient.
An alloantibody to a high-incidence antigen, associated with multiple other alloantibodies, made it impossible to supply antigen-negative red blood cells (RBCs) for a chronically transfused sickle cell anemia patient. Anti-Cra,-E,K,-S, -Fya, -Fyb, as well as anti-M reactive at 37 degrees C and in the antiglobulin phase of testing, were identified in the patient's serum. An extensive search of rare donor files at the American Red Cross and at the American ASsociation of Blood Banks (AABB) failed to identify Cr(a-),M-,E-,K-,S-, Fy(a-b-) donors. Various studies were performed to predict the clinical significance of the anti-Cra and anti-M. Results of 51chromium survival studies showed 91.8 percent survival at 10 minutes and 87.2 percent survival at 60 minutes with Cr(a +),M-, K-,S-,Fy(a-b-) donors. Various studies were performed to predict the clinical significance of the anti-Cra and anti-M. Results of 51chromium survival studies showed 91.8 percent survival at 10 minutes and 87.2 percent survival at 60 minutes with Cr(a +),M-,E -,K-,S-,Fy(a-b-) red cells, suggesting that immediate destruction of transfused CrCa+) red cells would he unlikely. However, further analysis revealed diminished long-term survival of the donor's red cells with only 60.1 percent recovery at six days (T 1/2 = 12 days) and 10.8 percent at 14 days (T 1/2 = 4.5 days). A monocyte- monolayer assay (MMA) indicated that both the anti-Cra (5.9%) and anti-M (18%) would probably be clinically significant (normal value 0-3%). Mass screening continues at several blood centers for Cr(a-),M-, E-,K-,S-,Fy(a-b-) donors. However, if no suitable donors are found, the results of the 51chromium survival studies and the MMA support the decision to transfuse this patient with Cr(a+),M-,F(a- b-),S-,K- ,E- red cells, if necessary.
Journal Article↗
Musculoskeletal tumors: improved depiction with linear combinations of MR images.
With postprocessing, the authors produced a single hybrid image that combines the complementary information in conventional T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. A 1-T MR imager was used to produce T1- and T2-weighted images (repetition time, msec/echo time, msec: 500/30, 1,500/120) of patients with various primary bone tumors. Various weighted sums and differences of these images were then formed. Weighted subtraction allowed formation of hybrid images with high contrast between tumor and all adjacent normal tissues (muscle, fat, bone marrow), unlike the original T1- and T2-weighted images. Certain weighted sums of the acquired images simultaneously display the high signal-to-noise and clear anatomic detail of the T1-weighted technique along with the high contrast between extraosseous tumor and muscle of the T2-weighted image. A single hybrid MR image can contain useful characteristics both of T1- and T2-weighted images, making it easier for one to detect the extent of an abnormality.
Bone Neoplasms↗
Osteosarcoma in association with infarction of bone. Report of two cases.
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Adult↗
Television viewing at home: age trends in visual attention and time with TV.
The TV-viewing behavior of 99 families with young children was videotaped by automated time-lapse recording equipment placed in homes for 10-day periods. The 99 families comprised 460 individuals from infants to 62 years of age. Time-sample analyses of 4,672 hours of recordings indicated that the TV-viewing room contained no viewers 14.7% of the time that the TV was on. There were no age trends in time spent with television. Percent visual attention to television increased greatly across the preschool years, leveled off at about 70% during the school-age years, and declined in adulthood. Men looked at the TV more than women. There were no significant correlations between time spent with TV and percent of visual attention to TV. The increase in visual attention to television during the preschool years is consistent with the theory that TV program comprehensibility is a major determination of attention in young children.
Adolescent↗
Characterization and partial purification of the sodium-potassium-ATPase inhibitor released from cultured rat hypothalamic cells.
An inhibitor of sodium-potassium-ATPase has been partially purified from the culture medium obtained from hypothalamic cells maintained in a capillary membrane perfusion system, and some of the properties of this inhibitory factor have been investigated. Gel filtration (Sephadex G-25 Superfine) of heat-treated medium (80 degrees C for 10 min) resulted in elution of inhibitory activity in the post-salt fraction. These fractions inhibited active (i.e. sodium-potassium-ATPase-mediated) sodium transport in intact human erythrocytes, displaced [3H]ouabain from its binding site, and directly inhibited canine kidney sodium-potassium-ATPase as measured by NADH oxidation. High-performance liquid chromatography (on Hypersil ODS) of these fractions after desalting yielded one region which showed inhibitory activity on all three assays. Inhibition of sodium-potassium-ATPase was dose-related and filtered through an Amicon UM10 membrane. Incubation of this material with dispase, carboxypeptidase A, chymotrypsin, and prolidase destroyed inhibitory activity, whereas trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase were ineffective. These studies show that hypothalamic neurones release a low molecular weight heat-stable peptide which inhibits active sodium transport, ouabain binding, and sodium-potassium-ATPase.
Animals↗
Estimates of young children's time with television: a methodological comparison of parent reports with time-lapse video home observation.
Accurate information on behavior of young children at home is crucial to the study of child development. The present study compared parent diaries of 5-year-old children's time spent with television to concurrent automated time-lapse video observations. In addition, a number of control groups were employed to assess the effects of observational equipment in the homes. The sample consisted of 334 mostly white middle-class families, of whom 106 had observational equipment installed. Results indicated no systematic subject selection of families who were willing to have observational equipment as compared to the controls. In addition, there were no differences in reported viewing behavior between the observed families and controls. Of 3 types of parent estimates of 5-year-old TV viewing, concurrent diaries correlated best with video observation (r = .84) and produced a very small absolute mean time error. Direct parent estimates of typical time spent viewing produced smaller correlations and large overestimates as compared with diaries.
Child↗
Maintaining hemostasis during surgery.
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Blood Coagulation Tests↗
Maintaining hemostasis during surgery: an addendum.
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Hemostasis, Surgical↗
Hemostatic agents.
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Administration, Topical↗