"Human"-cell culture lines not always as advertised.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
O W Jones
Publications and source records attributed to O W Jones.
Effect of eccentric gaze on pursuit.
The effect of eccentric gaze on pursuit eye movements was studied with electro-oculography in normal human subjects and a patient with defective pursuit. Sinusoidal target trajectories were centered about the primary position of gaze and eccentric, horizontal positions of gaze. Eccentric gaze decreased pursuit gain (eye velocity/target velocity) when the eyes moved farther eccentrically in the orbits and increased pursuit gain when the eyes moved toward the centers of the orbits. The magnitude of these effects increased with increasing eccentricity of gaze, increasing peak target velocity, and decreasing pursuit gain during tracking of target trajectories centered about the primary position. These effects can be caused by the elastic forces of the extraocular muscles, globe and other orbital tissues. The pursuit subsystem cannot compensate for these factors at high target velocities, or when it is impaired by pathologic lesions.
Cerebellar Diseases↗
Effects of an optokinetic background on pursuit eye movements.
The effects of an optokinetic background on pursuit eye movements was studied in four normal human subjects and seven patients with impaired pursuit and/or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). Eye movements were recorded by DC electro-oculography and eye movement velocity was analyzed by a digital, microprocessor system. Tracking of a small laser target was performed against a featureless, white screen, a stationary OKN background that filled the entire visual field and an OKN background moving at constant velocity. The OKN background significantly affected pursuit in all subjects. The stationary background or background moving in the direction opposite to that of the laser target impaired pursuit; whereas, the background moving in the same direction as that of the target improved pursuit. The effects of the background on pursuit were greater in subjects with lower pursuit gains during tracking against the screen. An algebraic summation of independently induced pursuit and OKN eye movements could not account for all of the experimental observations.
Eye Movements↗
Reproductive outcome following amniocentesis for genetic indications.
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Adult↗
Human amniotic fluid cells grown in a hormone-supplemented medium: suitability for prenatal diagnosis.
A new supplemented medium has been developed to improve human amniotic fluid cell growth and to reduce the dependence on exogenously added serum. The medium consists of a mixture of Ham's F12 medium and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with Hepes, antibiotics, and 10 growth-promoting factors at 4% fetal bovine serum. Good clonal growth is achieved consistently in 8--13 days and is associated with large numbers of metaphase cells. Primary clones may be analyzed directly, thereby reducing difficulty with interpretation of chromosomal mosaicism. This medium could also be used for cultivation of fetal solid tissues and peripheral blood cultures of lymphocytes.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Adjacent 2 translocation involving 13q and 21q.
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Abnormalities, Multiple↗
Stabilization of SV40 transformed human fibroblast cytoplasmic thymidine kinase by ATP.
Human fibroblast cytoplasmic thymidine kinase is stabilized by ATP. Sedimentation in sucrose gradients shows that in the presence of ATP, cytoplasmic thymidine kinase has a higher molecular weight (54 000) than in the absence of ATP (28 000). Removal of ATP by dialysis results in the loss of enzyme activity. The subsequent addition of ATP restores activity following a second order time course. These results are interpreted to indicate that in a human fibroblast cell line, transformed by SV40 virus, cytoplasmic thymidine kinase is a dimer in the presence of ATP, but a less active monomer in its absence. Mitochondrial thymidine kinase from the same cell line is not affected by ATP.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Enhancement of human amniotic cell growth by Ficoll-Paque gradient fractionation.
Ficoll-Paque isopycnic centrifugation was used as a preparative procedure for amniotic fluid (AF) cells prior to tissue culture. This technique serves to reduce contaminating erythrocytes and also enhances cell growth or mitotic indices. The technique described in this report yields three subfractions designated as a turbid interphase layer (F-2), a middle cell layer (F-3), and a bottom pellet (F-4). The middle cell layer (F-3) demonstrated better cell growth and higher mitotic index than any of the other fractions or control unfractionated amniotic fluid cells. The use of Ficoll-Paque isopycnic preparative centrifugation of amniotic fluid cells is a valuable adjunct in cell culture for cytogenetic analysis. This may be especially true when amniotic fluid contains large numbers of erythrocytes.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis does not prolong short-term memory.
Male Swiss albino CD-1 mice given a single subcutaneous injection of a cerebral protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin (ANI; 1 mg/animal), 20 min prior to a single trial of passive avoidance training demonstrated impaired retention at tests given 3 hr, 6 hr, 1 day, and 7 days after training. Retention was not significantly different from that of saline controls when tests were given .5 or 1.5 hr after training. Prolonging inhibition of brain protein synthesis by giving either one or two additional injections of ANI at 2 hr or at 2 and 4 hr after training did not prolong good retention performance. The temporal development of impaired retention in ANI-treated mice could not be accounted for by drug dosage, duration of protein synthesis inhibition, or nonspecific sickness at test. In contrast to the suggestion that protein synthesis inhibition prolongs short-term memory, the results of this experiment indicate that short-term memory is not prolonged by antibiotic drugs that inhibit cerebral protein synthesis. All evidence seems consistent with the hypothesis that short-term memory is independent of protein synthesis and that the establishment of long-term memory depends on protein synthesis during or shortly after training.
Animals↗
Midtrimester amniocentesis. Subjective maternal responses.
Studies, through questionnaire and interview, of couples who elect or decline midtrimester amniocentesis demonstrate that both groups cope well with new decisions surrounding this procedure. The pregnancy monitored by genetic amniocentesis does not appear to receive special status as viewed by the parents, nor is the developing fetus placed in a special category during the pregnancy.
Adult↗
Effect of 5-fluorouracil on the release of thymidine kinase from hepatoma cells in vitro.
Cells of the Morris hepatoma 7777 cultured in vitro have elevated levels of cytoplasmic thymidine kinase similar to those found in vivo. The cell-doubling time is slightly less than 24 hr. The addition of 5-fluorouracil to the culture medium (10 micrograms/ml) inhibits cell division, stimulates thymidine kinase production, and results in cell death which increases with time. Treated cells release significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) more thymidine kinase into the culture medium than do untreated cells, and this effect can also be seen following a 60-min pulsed incubation of the cells with 5-fluorouracil. The total activity of thymidine kinase released is proportional to cell death and to the number of cells originally on the plate. These results suggest the possibility of monitoring tumor response to therapy in vivo by measuring serum levels of thymidine kinase.
Animals↗
Neural origin of cells in amniotic fluid.
Cells from the amniotic fluid of fetuses with open neural tube defects (NTDs) have several abnormal characteristics of potential diagnostic value. The cell number in a unit volume of fluid is 10 to 100 times the normal range of cell count. The majority of cells adhere to tissue culture dishes within 24 hours of inoculation, instead of the 4 or 5 days required by normal amniotic fluid cells. The rapidly adhering cells morphologically resemble glial cells. Their Coulter volume is about twice the average seen in normal amniotic fluid--derived cells. This larger number of oversized, rapidly adhering cells is likely due to the continuous accumulation of neural cells in the amniotic fluid. We have detected the presence of the glial protein S-100 and the absence of the neuronal protein 14-3-2 by using a specific immunofluorescence assay. We conclude that fetuses with NTDs shed large numbers of glialike cells into the amniotic fluid where their detection may have diagnostic importance.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Cell cycle and the differential expression of HLA-A,B and HLA-DR antigens on human B lymphoid cells.
Monoclonal antibodies specific to HLA antigens and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter were used to analyze the changes in the density of human histocompatibility antigens HLA-A,B and HLA-DR on the surface of synchronously growing WI-L2 cells (a human B cell line) progressing through the cell cycle. The WI-L2 cells were synchronized by density-dependent arrest in G1, and samples from G0, G1, late S and late G2 phases were used to determine the frequency distribution of cell volume, DNA content, and the relative amounts of cell surface HLA antigens; the observed density changes were calculated from these values. The HLA-A,B density remained nearly constant throughout the cell cycle, whereas the HLA-DR density increased sharply at the G2-M stage. These results suggest a cell cycle-dependent differential control of the expression of these two sets of histocompatibility antigens on B cells.
B-Lymphocytes↗
Enhanced Growth of amniotic fluid cells in presence of fibroblast growth factor.
A shorter period of time between amniocentesis and cytogenetic diagnosis is of considerable clinical usefulness. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), a potent mitogen for cells of mesodermal origin, was used to enhance the growth rate of primary cultures of amniotic fluid-derived cells. At the initial harvest and at 5 scored metaphases, culture dishes incubated with FGF showed a 9-day advantage as a group when compared with their untreated, paired controls. In addition, less variability was encountered in the growth time of the FGF-treated dishes; 97% of these treated dishes were harvested initially between 10 and 20 days, while only 48% of the control dishes were harvested initially during this time period. Success was also noted in the recovery of failing cultures. The addition of FGF to the standard enriched medium used in amniotic fluid cell cultures has shortened the processing time and provided a more uniform growth rate in the majority of cultures studied.
Amniocentesis↗
Diagnosis of a triploid fetus at genetic amniocentesis.
Nearly 20% of spontaneously aborted fetuses with chromosomal errors have been shown to have a triploid karyotype. Such a fetus is rarely encountered during the course of an amniocentesis at midtrimester. Because amniotic fluid cell polyploidy is an occasional finding among normal fetuses at midtrimester, the following report illustrates the importance of gathering corroborative evidence of an affected fetus before arriving at a prenatal diagnosis.
Adult↗
Population heterogeneity in human sperm DNA content.
The range of variability in the population distribution characteristics of sperm DNA content was surveyed in a selected group of donors. The donors included identical twins, carriers of chromosomal translocations, and oligospermics. The DNA content of sperm was measured individually in an automated cytofluorometer. In contrast to normal donors with high sperm counts and relatively constant modal values of sperm DNA, the balanced carriers of translocations were oligospermic and showed wide dispersion of modal values. This is an unexpected finding, since reciprocal events in the alternate form of segregation, which occurs predominantly in male carriers of balanced translocations, should not alter modal values of sperm DNA nor should they be associated with oligospermia. It appears that sperm DNA content in oligospermia, independent of its association with translocation, varies over a wide range. Thus, it is likely that genetic factor(s) unrelated to chromosome translocation control sperm DNA content.
DNA↗
Genetic factors in the determination of fetal size.
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Birth Weight↗
The importance of accurate gestational age estimation in screening for fetal neural tube defects using maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels.
Estimates of gestational age based on menstrual history are often in error, often by as much as 4 weeks. The effect of this problem with respect to a screening program for neural tube defects based on maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein determination is examined. The variance of alpha-fetoprotein values for serum samples assigned to gestational age categories from 15 to 19 weeks of gestation based on menstrual history and that of samples classified according to sonographic estimates do not show clear-cut differences. However, when an individual sample is referred to a calibration curve of normal values, errors in gestational age estimates significantly increase the possibility of a false positive/false negative decision for high-level percentile classification. The effect of such an error is least at 16 to 17 weeks of gestation.
Amniocentesis↗