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Biomedical subjects

O V Renkonen

Publications and source records attributed to O V Renkonen.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Frequency and fate of human renal allografts contaminated prior to transplantation.

Bacterial cultures were done from donor ureter and/or graft perfusion fluid on 92 of 112 patients who had renal transplantations during 1977. Three samples of perfusion fluid and 14 samples of donor ureter contained bacteria. In nine cases there was a gram-positive organism, and in 10 cases a gram-negative rod was (among) the contaminant(s). There was no difference in the rate of graft survival, patient survival, or in the frequency of major postoperative complications between the two groups. Only in two instances could the urinary tract infection following transplanation be traced to the contaminating organism. Except for one case in which a urinary fistula may have been linked to the graft contamination, there were no clinically significant sequelae from the contaminated allografts.

Bacteroides fragilis↗
PubMed1979

Treatment of acute bronchitis and pneumonia with cefaclor.

An open, non-comparative clinical trial of cefaclor in adults with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (54 patients) or pneumonia (24 patients) is reported. The dosage of cefaclor used was either 250 mg or 500 mg taken orally three times daily. Clinical cure was obtained in 39 of 42 (93%) of patients on the lower dose and 32 of 33 (97%) on the higher dose. Side effects were minimal and the antibiotic was very well tolerated. Microbiological evaluation was possible in 32 of 75 (43%) of patients in whom potential pathogens were identified before treatment. Microbiological 'cure' was achieved in 17 of 32 (53%), the majority of whom had received the higher dose. The lack of correlation between the clinical and microbiological results cast further doubts on the value of the standard sputum culture methods in the diagnosis and management of lower respiratory tract infection. Cefaclor is useful in the management of acute lower respiratory tract infections by virtue of its excellent clinical efficacy and safety.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Treatment with azlocillin in complicated urinary tract infections.

20 patients, aged 18-84 years, with complicated urinary tract infections admitted to hospital were treated with 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) for 5 to 10 days. Isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14), Proteus mirabilis (3), Escherichia coli (2) and Klebsiella spp. (1). Serum concentrations and urine recovery were measured on the fifth day of treatment. The mean serum half-life was 1.85 h and the mean value of the urine recovery 47% of the single dose. Tissue concentrations were analyzed in one patient. The samples were taken 3 h after the infusion. The azlocillin concentration of the renal cortex, 60 microgram/g, was six times higher than the corresponding serum concentration. On the 5th day of treatment the urine was sterile in 80% of the patients. In 12 patients (60%) the urine was still sterile when controlled 2-6 months later. Three patients were treated twice and bacteriologically cured after each period. No sign of sensitization was seen. Side-effects were not reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The effect of chemoprophylactic use of rifampin and minocycline on rates of carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in army recruits in Finland.

During an epidemic caused by sulfonamide-resistant group A Neisseria meningitidis (A SuR strain), rifampin (600 mg per day for four days) or minocycline (100 mg every 12 hr for five days) was administered as chemoprophylaxis to 1,540 unvaccinated recruits in the Finnish Armed Forces. Rates of carriage of all strains of N. meningitidis were initially reduced by 78% (from 60% to 13%) in the 389 men receiving rifampin and by 62% (from 70% to 26%) in the 1,151 men receiving minocycline but rose to approximately 30% in both groups four weeks after prophylaxis. The carriage of A SuR strains was similarly reduced. An individual follow-up of 636 trainees demonstrated a high rate of new infections. It is suggested that the long-term inefficiency of rifampin and minocycline is due to their inability to reduce the carriage rates enough to prevent further spread of infection after prophylaxis is descontinued. However, no new cases appeared among the men receiving the prophylaxis. Five strains highly resistant to rifampin were found after the use of rifampin (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than or equal to 100 microgram/ml), but no minocycline-resistant strains were encountered. No unpleasant side effects were seen in subjects receiving either drug.

Finland↗
PubMed1978

Antibiotics in acute cholecystitis.

In 460 cholecystectomies performed for acute cholecystitis 215 (47%) positive gallbladder bile cultures were obtained. In 73% of emergency operations bacteria were recovered, in 48% of early operations (p less than 0.001) and in 29% of late operations (p less than 0.001). In vitro concentrations of 8-16 mcg/ml of ampicillin or cephalothin inhibited in most cases the growth of E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterococci, which comprised 75% of all strains isolated. One hour after intravenous infusion of 1 g ampicillin the mean serum level was 21 mcg/ml, the mean common duct level 16 mcg/ml and the mean gallbladder bile level 4.4 mcg/ml. In acute cholecystitis 2 g cephalothin gave mean concentrations of 14, 8, and 1.2 mcg/ml. Most of these patients had cystic duct obstruction both on intravenous cholegraphy and during operation. Control patients with patent cystic ducts who received ampicillin had mean gallbladder and common duct bile levels of 47 and 56 mcg/ml, and those receiving cephalothin 23 and 28 mcg/ml. It appears that adequate gallbladder bile concentrations of antibiotics are not attainable in acute cholecystitis because of the obstruction to the bile flow. The favourable results of prophylactic antibiotic treatment in reducing septic complications seem to depend more on adequate serum and tissue concentrations than on the concentration of antibiotics in the bile.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Clinical efficacy of meningococcus group A capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children three months to five years of age.

We performed field trials in the course of an epidemic in Finland to learn whether Group A memingococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine protects infants and young children from meningitis. The first trial involved 130,178 children between the ages of three months and five years; 49,295 children received the vaccine, 48,977 received a control Haemophilus influenzae Type b polysaccharide vaccine, and 31.906 remained unvaccinated. No cases of meningitis or sepsis caused by Group A meningococci were seen in the first year of observation among the children vaccinated with meningococcal vaccine whereas six occurred among those vaccinated with the H. influenzae vaccine and 13 among those not vaccinated. In the second trial 21,007 children of the same ages received the meningococcal vaccine. No cases caused by Group A occurred among those vaccinated, although five to seven would have been expected within the year. Meningococcal Group A vaccine appears efficacious in young infants and children.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1977

Use of antiserum agar plates for serogrouping of meningococci.

A convenient and reliable method for serogrouping meningococci, based on immunospecific precipitation haloes in antiserum-agar plates, is described. It gave concordant results with conventional slide-agglutination in 900 strains of groups A, B or C tested. The antiserum-agar can also be used as a primary isolation medium for detecting nasopharyngeal carriers of a certain serogroup if antibiotics are added.

Agar↗
PubMed1977

Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim combination in the treatment of urinary tract infections.

In a clinical double-blind study on 198 patients with a urinary tract infection, no differences were found between comparable groups treated with either sulfadiazine (SD) 1,000 MG/trimethoprim (TM) 320 mg or sulfamethoxazole (SM) 1,600 mg/trimethoprim 320 g daily for 2 weeks. The favorable results were obtained according to the bacteriological control in 85 and 79%, respectively. Also the incidence of side effects was the same (22 and 24%, resp.). The number of cases within which the treatment had to be discontinued did not differ percentually, either (6.6 and 8.4%, resp.). Based on the bacteriological sensitivity tests and the clinical trial, the authors conclude that TM can be combined with SD as well as with SM. Pharmacokinetic advantages, like a lower protein-binding and a lesser metabolism, may even make SD more preferable.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Vaccination against meningococcal group A disease in Finland 1974-75.

Meningococcal group A polysaccharide vaccine was used in children 3 months to 5 years of age in the winter 1974-75 during an epidemic caused by sulphanamide-resistant group A meningococci. In 3 provinces, the vaccine was offered on a double-blind basis, using Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccaride vaccine as control. Approximately 100 000 children were vaccinated with either one of the vaccines. In the Kymi province, approximately 22 000 children representing 90% of the child population of this age received the meningococcus vacine. Infants below 18 months received a booster dose of vaccine 3 months after the first dose. The meningococcus vaccine caused local symptoms in 71%, mild systemic reactions in 37%, and high fever (38.5 degrees C or more) in 1.8% The haemophilus vaccine produced fewer side effects. No clinical infections caused by group A meningococci were reported in the first 6 months after vaccination among those who had received the meningococcal vaccine. At the same time, group A cases continued to appear in other age groups and other areas of the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Effect of group-A meningococcal vaccine in army recruits in Finland.

During an epidemic caused by group-A, sulphonamide-resistant meningococci in Finland, group-A polysaccharide vaccine was administered in 1974 to 16 458 recruits of the Armed Forces, leaving 20 748 as controls. Specific antibody response was good, and after vaccination only 1% of the men were without anti-meningococcal group-A antibodies. Pharyngeal carriage of the epidemic strain was low, about 1-5%, in the men when entering service. Group-A meningococcal disease occurred during the nine months' mean observation period in 1 of the vaccinated men (an annual incidence of 11 per 100 000) and in 8 of those not vaccinated (71 per 100 000), indicating 89% protective effect of the vaccine. Furthermore, the total number of cases of group-A meningococcal disease was reduced to non-epidemic levels at a time when 36% of the men in service were vaccinated, and has remained low for the next twelve months even though the epidemic in the general population continued.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1975

Concentration of cephalexin in maxillary sinus mucosa and secretion.

Twenty patients hospitalized for unilateral or bilateral sinus surgery were given 500 mg or 15 mg/kg body weight of cephalexin by mouth two hours before operation. Samples of serum, sinus mucosa and secretion for cephalexin concentrations were taken during operation. There was a large variation in the mucosal and secretion concentrations and no definite correlation with serum levels. Drug levels effective against most gram-positive cocci were usually found in the mucosa. The mucosal concentrations were much larger than those in the secretion. There were no noteworthy differences between the patients with purulent infection and those in whom the infection was quiescent.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Concentrations of ampicillin in human urogenital tissue, serum and urine after intake of pivampicillin.

The ampicillin concentrations in serum, urine, kidney, urinary bladder, prostate gland, testis, muscle and skin from 64 urological patients with normal renal function were determined with the agar diffusion method after oral doses of 700 mg of the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin (pivampicillin, Pondocillin). The tissue samples were obtained at urological operations, prostatectomy, nephrectomy and orchiectomy. The serum concentration was highest between 2 and 4 h and the urine concentration between 4 and 6 h after intake. The serum concentration was considerably lower than reported in literature, which was shown to 0e due either to the effect of preoperative medication or anesthesia, or to both.

Aged↗