[Relevance of ethical deliberation in the planning and performing of clinical research. Primum humanitas--secundum scientia].
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to O Parkash.
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The analysis of autopsy data from 1928 to 1972 shows that the relative frequency of lung cancer has undergone a fourfold increase till about 1962, and has since then remained practically constant. The right lung is more often the seat of carcinoma than the left lung and upper lobes more often than the lower lobes. For females the upper-lower lobe asymmetry is not significant. The nonuniform distribution of tumor sites is explained on the basis of 'contact hypothesis'. Some age and sex factors have been studied.
An analysis of autopsy data shows that during the period 1928-1972 the relative frequency of carcinoma of the stomach has remained practically unchanged. A similar trend is apparent from the mortality statistics for Vienna from 1955 to 1972. Whereas for the lower and middle age groups there is a real decrease during the period 1928-1952, an opposite trend is visible for the highest age group. The stomach and the lower parts of the large intestine are the most frequent sites of carcinoma of the alimentary canal. The frequency distribution is explained on the basis of the "contact hypothesis".
It is shown that the site-frequency distribution of carcinomas relative to the upper and lower hemispheres of the urinary bladder is inhomogeneous. It is pointed out that the contact with urine is the important etiological factor and that other factors, if any, play only a secondary role. It is suggested that prolonged (forced) retention of urine should be avoided. Investigation of urinary carcinogens is needed.
On the basis of the autopsy data from the Pathology Department of the Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna from 1928 to 1972, it has been shown that gall-stones occur more frequently in conjunction with the carcinoma of the gall-bladder but have not aetiological relationship with the malignancy. It is further shown that the carcinoma of the bile ducts is more common in males and the carcinoma of the gall-bladder more common in females.
The analysis of autopsy data from 1928 to 1972 shows that the relative frequency of carcinoma of pancreas has undergone a threefold increase during the past 30 years. During period B (1953--1972) there has been a real increase (twofold) for the middle and higher age groups as compared with that during period A (1928-1952). Further, it seems that the frequency rises non-linearly with age and that the higher age groups are relatively more prone to a malignant change of the pancreas. The pattern of pathological manifestations has been discussed and its practical importance pointed out.
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