[Actions of macrolide antibiotics on alginate production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa].
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Alginates↗
Biomedical subjects
O Kobayashi
Publications and source records attributed to O Kobayashi.
Molecular cloning and analysis of the dominant flocculation gene FLO8 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A flocculation gene was cloned from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC60715 genomic library, known to contain the FLO8 gene, on the basis of its ability to confer a flocculation phenotype on a nonflocculent strain. From a total of 11 130 clones, four clones sharing the several restriction fragments were isolated, suggesting that these were derived from the same locus. The results of integration mapping and disruption of the cloned gene indicated that this gene was the FLO8 gene. After disruption of the FLO8 gene, the strain lost its ability to flocculate. The DNA sequence of the FLO8 gene was determined. This gene includes a 2187-bp open reading frame that encodes a 729-amino acid protein. Computer analysis indicated that the FLO8 gene has a significant degree of homology with a S. cerevisiae chromosome V DNA sequence, but no homology with the FLO1 gene. The hydrophobicity profile of the putative FLO8 gene product did not indicate the presence of any significantly hydrophobic regions. Southern analysis of the FLO8 gene present in various yeast strains indicated that the FLO8 gene is highly conserved in yeast strains having a variety of flocculation phenotypes and genotypes. Northern analysis revealed that the level of FLO1 gene transcription is dependent on the rate of transcription of the FLO8 gene. These results suggest that the FLO8 gene mediates flocculation via transcriptional activation of the FLO1 gene.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Inheritance in Kabuki make-up (Niikawa-Kuroki) syndrome.
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Adolescent↗
Basement membrane abnormality in merosin-negative congenital muscular dystrophy.
In muscle biopsy specimens from three patients with merosin-negative congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), there was marked variation in fiber size with evidence of necrotic and regenerating processes and with marked interstitial fibrosis. No muscle fibers or intramuscular nerves stained with merosin antibody. On electron microscopy, the basement membrane of all the muscle fibers was very poorly discernible and there were occasional disruptions, while the basement membrane of the Schwann cells was well preserved. On the other hand, the sarcolemmal basement membrane in merosin-positive CMD was well preserved even in patient with severe interstitial fibrosis. It remains to be determined how the defective basement membrane in merosin-negative CMD induces defective sarcolemma and eventual fiber necrosis.
Basement Membrane↗
Nondystrophinopathic muscular dystrophies including myotonic dystrophy.
The spectacular progress concerning dystrophin and its pathology, the dystrophinopathies, has led to a somewhat arbitrarily separated heterogeneous group of nondystrophinopathic muscular dystrophies that currently comprise the Emery-Dreifuss type, the nosologically heterogeneous autosomal-recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, the severe childhood autosomal-recessive muscular dystrophy, the merosin-positive and -negative congenital muscular dystrophies, the autosomal-recessive distal muscular dystrophy of Miyoshi, the facio-scapulo-humeral muscular dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy, both the adult and neonatal variants. Deficiencies of adhalin in a particular form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and of merosin in a particular form of congenital muscular dystrophy as well as the newly discovered principle of abnormal tri-nucleotide repeats in myotonic dystrophy are evidence of progress that has also amplified the notion of the dystrophinopathies that the protein-deficient muscular dystrophies can now be considered examples of contributions of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex across the muscle fiber plasma membrane.
Adolescent↗
Association between family history and gastric carcinoma among young adults.
The relationship between family history of gastric carcinoma and gastric carcinoma in Japanese under 40 years of age was analyzed. The subjects were 108 gastric carcinoma patients (86% were diffuse type) at 9 hospitals in the Kanto area of Japan. Firstly, incidence of gastric carcinoma among the parents of the subjects were compared with that in the general population. Observed/expected (O/E) ratios (P-value) were 1.8 (0.06) for all subjects, 1.3 (0.62) for male subjects, 2.1 (0.04) for female subjects, 0.5 (0.41) for early carcinoma, 2.6 (P<0.01) for advanced carcinoma, 2.3 (0.22) for intestinal-type carcinoma and 1.7 (0.13) for diffuse-type carcinoma. Association between gastric carcinoma and parents' history of gastric carcinoma was strong among women and regarding advanced carcinoma, and the difference in O/E ratios between early and advanced carcinoma was remarkable. Secondly, factors related to advanced-stage gastric carcinoma were analyzed. Histological type (diffuse and intestinal types) was not related, but family history of gastric carcinoma among parents and grandparents was related to advanced stage, and the relationship was independent of other factors. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 3.3 (1.1-9.9). Family history may be related to stage of gastric carcinoma through its relationship to the manner or speed of the tumor's progression. We hypothesis that some genetic factor exists which is involved both in progression from early to advanced stage and in occurrence of gastric carcinoma.
Adolescent↗
Effects of transforming growth factors on the wound repair of cultured rabbit gastric mucosal cells.
We have evaluated the role of two different transforming growth factors in the restoration of rabbit primary cultured gastric mucosal cells using a new wound repair model. After forming confluent monolayer cell sheets, a wound with a constant size (2 mm2) was made using a rotating silicon tip. Either TGF alpha (0.1 - 100 ng/mL or TGF beta 1 (0.1 - 10 ng/mL) was added to the medium and the process of wound repair was monitored and analysed quantitatively by an image analyser. Cell proliferation was examined by BrdU staining. After wounding, the cells fronting the wound formed lamellipodia and migrated towards the centre of the wound. In the control group, the wound healed completely 48 h after wounding. TGF alpha promoted wound healing and wound healed within 36 h in the presence of TGF alpha. TGF alpha increased the number of proliferative cells and they appeared in an earlier phase of healing than in controls. TGF beta did not have any effect on the wound repair process. In conclusion, TGF alpha promotes mucosal cell repair processes in the rabbit primary cultured gastric mucosal wound repair model in a dose-dependent manner by accelerating migration and proliferation. TGF alpha may modulate the healing process of a gastric ulcer or erosion in vivo.
Animals↗
Evaluation of ethanol on gastric epithelial restoration in vitro.
Ethanol exerts damaging effects on gastric mucosa and delays ulcer healing. To investigate the effect of ethanol on the wound repairing process, we used a wound repair model using primary cultured gastric mucosal cells. A confluent monolayer gastric mucosal cell sheet consisting mainly of mucous cells was wounded to make a cell-free area of constant size. Cell-free area was restored with time after wounding and monitored every 12 hr using a computer image analyzer to observe epithelial cell restoration quantitatively in the presence and absence of ethanol (2.0%). It was found that, although the control wound was completely repaired in 36 to 48 hr, the group treated with 2.0% ethanol showed a significant delay of repair. In the control, 5-bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells appeared around the wound in 24 to 36 hr. In contrast, the group treated with 2.0% ethanol showed no 5-bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells during the experiment. In conclusion, 2.0% ethanol retarded the repair of gastric mucosal restoration by inhibiting the initial gastric cell migration, followed by inhibition of proliferation of cells.
Animals↗
Congenital muscular dystrophy: Clinical and pathologic study of 50 patients with the classical (Occidental) merosin-positive form.
We studied 50 patients with the merosin-positive form of congenital muscular dystrophy (MP-CMD) clinically and pathologically. The frequency of MP-CMD in our laboratory was approximately one-half that of the Fukuyama type and one-sixth that of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The early signs of MP-CMD included decreased fetal movement during pregnancy (14%) and poor suck (42%), floppiness (30%), and respiratory difficulty (16%) in early infancy. Eighty-six percent of the patients had delayed motor development. Ninety-two percent of the patients followed beyond age 4 years had learned to walk. The disease was relatively slowly progressive, except in six patients who rapidly lost ambulation. Almost all patients had normal IQ, except four who were mildly to moderately retarded. Of the patients examined by cranial CT/MRI, 24% showed cerebral atrophy and 11% had areas of white matter lucency. Muscle biopsy results in those younger than 5 years showed mild dystrophic changes consisting of variation in fiber size and scattered necrotic and regenerating fibers. In older children, there were additional chronic dystrophic changes, including fiber splitting (32%), moth-eaten appearance (32%), marked fatty replacement (46%), and abnormal fiber type distribution (59%). The manifestations of MP-CMD were generally milder and more slowly progressive than those of the Fukuyama type and merosin-negative form of congenital muscular dystrophy.
Adolescent↗
[Portal and peripheral blood insulin concentrations and arterial ketone body ratio before and after glucose infusion during gastrectomy].
The effect of glucose infusion on portal and peripheral blood immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations and arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR) during gastrectomy were evaluated on twenty patients divided into two groups. Portal and peripheral blood IRI concentrations, AKBR, total ketone body concentration (TKB: acetoacetate + beta-hydroxybutyrate), and blood glucose were determined before and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after 25g glucose infusion in 30 minutes in ten patients (group 1) and 50 g glucose infusion in 30 minutes in ten patients (group 2). In both groups, the rate of increase in the portal blood IRI concentration was markedly higher than that in the peripheral blood IRI concentration after glucose infusion and AKBR increased and TKB decreased with the increase of the portal blood IRI concentration. These findings suggest that the peripheral blood IRI concentration does not reflect the pancreatic insulin secretion after glucose infusion during surgery and that portal insulin plays an important role for elevating and maintaining AKBR at higher levels. On the other hand, in both groups, the blood glucose had its peak just after completion of glucose infusion and then decreased gradually. After glucose infusion, however, the blood glucose in group 2 increased markedly and was significantly higher than that in group 1. It is suggested that, during surgery, glucose infusion rate of 50 g in 30 minutes may be too rapid.
Blood Glucose↗
Serum anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody and gastric carcinoma among young adults. Research Group on Prevention of Gastric Carcinoma among Young Adults.
BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is recognized as one of the possible causes of gastric carcinoma. There have been few studies on the relationship between H. pylori and gastric carcinoma in patients younger than 40 years. METHODS: Data and sera were collected from the cases (105 hospitalized patients younger than 40 years with gastric carcinoma from 9 hospitals in the Kanto-Shin-Etsu Area in Japan) and controls (102 hospitalized control subjects and 101 screening control subjects) whose sex and age (within 4 years) were matched. The serum anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibody was measured, and the odds ratio (OR) for the association between seropositivity and gastric carcinoma was calculated. RESULTS: The OR (95% confidence interval) was 13.3 (5.3-35.6). For women, the OR was 32.8, whereas for men it was 6.8. The OR for patients with early gastric carcinoma was 20.8, and for patients with advanced disease, it was 10.8. The OR for intestinal-type carcinoma was 18.0, and for diffuse-type carcinoma, it was 12.8. The OR for proximal carcinoma was 11.3, and for distal carcinoma it was 14.8. CONCLUSION: The OR for these young subjects was considerably larger than that for the older subjects in previously published studies. Among those younger than 40 years of age, early stage carcinoma has a stronger association with H. pylori than advanced carcinoma, and intestinal- and diffuse-type carcinomas have an association with H. pylori.
Adolescent↗
[Non-Fukuyama type merosin-positive congenital muscular dystrophy with delayed muscle fiber type differentiation: a case report].
A patient with non-Fukuyama type merosin-positive congenital muscular dystrophy (nonFCMD) who had severe muscle weakness leading to early death was reported. He was the first product of epileptic mother who had been placed on phenobarbital and phenytoin. The patient had severe respiratory failure and muscle weakness at the neonatal period, and died at 4 months of age. Multiple joint contractures were also noted at birth. Serum creatine kinase was within normal limits (123 IU/l). Electromyography showed a myogenic pattern. Brain computed tomographic (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were normal without white matter lucency or pachygyria. Muscle biopsy revealed dystrophic changes and type 2C fiber predominance. Dystrophin, dystrophin-associated glycoproteins and merosin were all positively demonstrated. Although patients with merosin-positive nonFCMD have relatively mild clinical course, our patient had severe muscle weakness with fatal outcome. Defect in muscle fiber maturation and differentiation, such as an increase of undifferentiated type 2C fibers, may be a major factor to influence muscle symptoms in non FCMD.
Humans↗
[Portal and peripheral blood immunoreactive insulin concentrations after glucose infusion during gastrectomy].
We evaluated portal and peripheral blood immunoreactive insulin concentrations (IRI) after glucose infusion in patients undergoing gastrectomy. Seventy-four patients were divided into following two groups: 68 received 25g glucose infusion in an hour (glucose group), and the remainder received no glucose (control group). Portal blood IRI level in glucose group was about thirty-fold higher than that in control group. However, peripheral blood IRI did not correlate with portal blood IRI in glucose group. In addition, significant negative correlation between portal blood IRI and blood glucose was observed in glucose group. Our results reveal that adequate pancreatic insulin secretion occurs after glucose infusion during gastrectomy, but peripheral blood IRI does not reflect this pancreatic insulin secretion. The results also suggest that blood glucose may be regulated by the liver under these conditions.
Aged↗
[Evaluation of preoperative blood preparation and blood consumption for implementation of type and screen and maximum surgical blood order schedule].
We analyzed preoperative blood preparation and intraoperative blood transfusion in Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital and evaluated the effectiveness of maximum surgical blood order schedule (MSBOS) and Type and Screen (T&S). Forty seven kinds of surgery were performed on 1,283 cases from May, 1991 to April, 1992. Transfusion was performed in 179 cases of them. All of 1,884 units of blood that had been prepared, were crossmatched and 1,078 of them were actually transfused. The Crossmatched to Transfused ratio (C/T ratio) was 1.71. If we adopted MSBOS and T&S in 13 elective surgery, 766 units of blood and labour work for preoperative blood preparation could have been saved. MSBOS and T&S are beneficial for efficient usage of blood transfusion in surgery.
Blood Loss, Surgical↗
[Portal blood immunoreactive insulin concentration after glucose infusion in elderly patients during gastrectomy compared with younger patients].
We evaluated the effect of aging on portal blood immunoreactive insulin concentration, AKBR, and keton body concentration (acetoacetate + beta-hydroxybutyrate) after glucose infusion (25 g glucose in an hour) in patients undergoing gastrectomy. Twenty-seven patients studied were elderly (above 65 years) and twenty-eight were younger (below 60 years). There was no significant difference in portal blood immunoreactive insulin concentration after glucose infusion between the two groups of patients. In elderly patients, however, AKBR was significantly lower and keton body concentration was significantly higher than those in younger patients, and these imply that suppression of ketogenesis and activation of hepatic mitochondrial function due to insulin may be reduced in elderly patients. These findings suggest that, during gastrectomy, pancreatic insulin secretion may not be impaired in elderly patients, but insulin action may be attenuated with aging.
Aged↗
Management of chylothorax after pulmonary resection.
BACKGROUND: Conservative management with intrapleural drainage and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been the first choice of treatment for postoperative chylothorax. With this approach, however, it usually takes several weeks for the chylothorax to resolve and it is sometimes unsuccessful. In this study, we reviewed seven patients who had chylothorax develop after pulmonary resection for primary carcinoma of the lung. STUDY DESIGN: The patients were treated according to a "one-week trial" that consisted of one week of observation with intrapleural drainage and maximum parenteral nutritional support followed by operative intervention if the effect of the conservative therapy was not adequate. When the chylous leak was decreased to less than 100 mL/day or less than 15 percent of the maximum daily drainage volume after the "one-week trial," the conservative management was continued for two more weeks. After observation for three weeks, oral intake was begun and a final evaluation of the treatment was made. RESULTS: One patient did not consent to the "one-week trial" and underwent operative treatment on the third postoperative day. Two patients had chylous leaks less than 100 mL/day or less than 15 percent of the maximum daily chylous leak after one week observation. Conservative management with TPN was continued in these patients for two more weeks and operation was performed in one on the 20th day and in the other on the 22nd postoperative day. The remaining four patients underwent operative treatment on the seventh or eighth postoperative day. All of the operations for chylothorax were successful, and chest tubes were removed promptly. These results show that operative management of chylothorax was reliable and safe. The "one-week trial," however, offered few advantages in determining the therapeutic strategy for postoperative chylothorax.
Adult↗
A new model to study repair of gastric mucosa using primary cultured rabbit gastric epithelial cells.
The process of wound repair was investigated using primary cultured rabbit gastric mucosal cells. A confluent monolayer gastric mucosal cell sheet consisting mainly of mucous cells was wounded to make a cell-free area of constant size. The changes in the cell-free area were analyzed quantitatively by image analysis. The wound recovered in 36-48 h in controls; wound repair was accelerated by the addition of fetal calf serum (FCS) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to the medium and was retarded by inhibitors of cytoskeletal proteins. In the process of normal wound repair, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells appeared around the wound in 24-36 h but disappeared after complete repair. In the FCS- and HGF-treated group, BrdU-positive cells were mainly detected 12-24 h after wounding. In this model the wound was repaired in two steps: an initial cell migration stage and a later proliferation stage. In conclusion, FCS and some growth factors accelerate wound repair with the induction of both epithelial cell migration and proliferation. The cytoskeletal system plays an important role in normal gastric restoration.
Animals↗
[Usefulness of palliative care for the patients with recurrent gastric cancer by home-IVH].
Depending upon the type of cancer involved, the period of the end stage varies greatly, and with it decreases the quality of life (QOL). In gastric cancer, for example, the terminal stage is usually short and the QOL diminishes abruptly. Thus, it takes time keeping this decrease in QOL to minimum, despite the complications, so that the patient's last days will be even somewhat more acceptable. Improvement in QOL for the patient who cannot eat due to recurrent gastric cancer can be effectively achieved by alleviation through IVH. With this in mind, the conditions consonant with the application of home IVH are as follows: 1) The patient's pain can be kept under control at home. 2) The patient wishes to remain. 3)There is sufficient human support at home. The caretakers in the family, and especially the key person(s) must exert much effort and labor and they need rest as well. Home medical care in the terminal stage presupposes a social environment involving day care, short stay, and hospice nursing facilities of all kinds. At present, public services of this kind differ with the community, much remains uninformed to public, and clinic-hospital networking will be needed more than ever. In this difficult situation, the home-care medical services provided by the private sector are effective. These services are only for the short term, of course, and there will be a financial problem. Various measures (tax deduction, public assistance) must be considered to support the patients and caretakers.
Adult↗