[Hospitalized children and children's visits to casuality departments].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
O Andersen
Publications and source records attributed to O Andersen.
Carcinogenicity of occupational nickel exposures: an evaluation of the epidemiological evidence.
The health effects documented in recent epidemiological studies of nickel-exposed workers relate to past exposures, mostly of unknown magnitude and unknown nickel speciation. Major studies have been carried out at nickel smelters and refineries. Although each study suffers from some deficiencies, as is common in such retrospective studies, the findings in concert strongly indicate that nickel emitted from the calcining and sintering operations is a potent carcinogen resulting in nasal and pulmonary cancers. Some risk appears to be present in other refinery operations, such as Orford furnace, copper and nickel sulfate, and crushing departments, and one study has suggested a risk associated with soluble nickel compounds in the electrolysis department, although this finding has not been confirmed. Only one study demonstrated an exposure-response relationship, which, however, was not statistically significant. Other studies showed a relationship between increased exposure time and augmented cancer risk. In nickel-using industries, no excess cancer related to nickel exposures has been demonstrated beyond doubt; concurrent exposures to other potential carcinogens constitute a confounding variable that makes interpretation difficult. However, the studies have not excluded that a cancer hazard may be present outside the nickel-producing facilities. Further, case-referent studies of respiratory cancers suggest that a nickel-related etiology may well exist in the nickel-using industries. As the exact identity of the carcinogenic form or forms of nickel remains unknown, exposure to all nickel compounds should be kept as low as reasonably achievable.
Carcinogens, Environmental↗
Interaction of cadmium ions with calcium hydroxyapatite crystals: a possible mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of cadmium-induced bone diseases.
Cadmium ions adsorb onto calcium hydroxyapatite crystals (HA) and are as effective as inorganic pyrophosphate and aluminum ions in retarding the rate of in vitro dissolution of HA. In contrast, cadmium ions have no important retarding effect on the growth of HA, but are built into the crystals, thus making them very resistant to subsequent dissolution. These effects could interfere with bone remodeling, with cadmium protecting normal sites of resorption and thus causing resorption at pathological sites.
Bone Diseases, Metabolic↗
Measurement of exchange of trace metals between the body and its surroundings with the use of tracer methodology. A critique of current applications.
Application of general tracer theory to the problem of estimating fluxes of tracee between the gastrointestinal tract and the body proper, from observations of the movement of tracer, shows that a number of assumptions must be fulfilled. Two specific sets of assumptions are discussed and, in both cases, measurement of tracer fluxes yields information on the integrated absorption of the tracee.
Digestive System↗
Oral cadmium chloride intoxication in mice: effects of dose on tissue damage, intestinal absorption and relative organ distribution.
The acute toxicity of soluble cadmium salts has almost exclusively been studied experimentally after parenteral exposures, where acute mortality is caused by hepatic necrosis. This report describes an alternative experimental model using oral exposure. A single oral toxic dose of CdCl2 to mice induced toxic gastroenteritis; subsequent hepatic and renal lesions were also observed. Whole-body gamma-counting after a single oral toxic 109CdCl2 dose to mice showed a dose-dependent delay of the fecal excretion of non-absorbed cadmium. This delay was absent when a low, non-toxic dose was administered. This effect is most likely due to decreased peristalsis and, at higher doses, intestinal atony due to oral cadmium toxicity. After fecal elimination of non-absorbed cadmium, the residual body burden of cadmium expressed as percent of initial dose reflects the fractional intestinal cadmium absorption due to slow reexcretion of absorbed cadmium. The fractional absorption increased with increasing doses of cadmium. The relative cadmium deposition in brain, testes and intestines decreased with increasing dose, whereas the relative liver deposition increased with dose. The delayed fecal elimination and increased fractional absorption of cadmium may significantly contribute to the development of both local and systemic toxicity in oral cadmium intoxication.
Animals↗
Adipocyte insulin receptor binding and lipogenesis at term in normal pregnancy.
Lipogenesis in subcutaneous abdominal adipocytes during late human pregnancy was investigated by studying insulin receptor binding, 3-O-methyl-(14C-(U]-glucose flux and incorporation of (14C(U]-glucose into CO2 (oxidation) and total lipids (lipogenesis) in adipocytes from 18 health pregnant women undergoing Caesarean section at term, and 19 non-pregnant women undergoing gynaecological surgery. The cell diameter and fasting insulin were increased in the pregnant women, compared with controls (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively). The insulin receptor binding, 3-O-methyl-glucose flux, and basal oxidation were similar in both groups. Basal lipogenesis was higher in adipocytes from pregnant women than from controls (P less than 0.05), but the maximally stimulated increment was similar in both groups. Basal and maximally stimulated lipogenesis correlated positively with the cell diameter (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05, respectively). The findings indicate that lipogenesis in subcutaneous abdominal adipocytes from pregnant women is increased due to post-receptor events and that adipocytes do not contribute to the insulin resistance in late pregnancy.
Adipose Tissue↗
Effect of cadmium chloride on hepatic lipid peroxidation in mice.
Intraperitoneal administration of cadmium chloride to 8-12 weeks old CBA-mice enhanced hepatic lipid peroxidation. A positive correlation between cadmium chloride dose and level of peroxidation was observed in both male and female mice. A sex-related difference in mortality was not observed but at a dose of 25 mumol CdCl2/kg the level of hepatic lipid peroxidation was higher in male mice than in female mice. The hepatic lipid peroxidation was not increased above the control level in 3 weeks old mice, while 6 weeks old mice responded with increased peroxidation as did 8-12 weeks old mice. The mortality after an acute toxic dose of cadmium chloride was the same in the three age groups. Pretreatment of mice with several low intraperitoneal doses of cadmium chloride alleviated cadmium induced mortality and lipid peroxidation. The results demonstrate both age dependency and a protective effect of metallothionein induction on cadmium chloride induced hepatic lipid peroxidation.
Aging↗
Oral cadmium chloride intoxication in mice: effects of penicillamine, dimercaptosuccinic acid and related compounds.
The antidotal efficacies of chelators during acute cadmium intoxication has previously been examined in experiments where both a soluble cadmium salt and the chelator were administered parenterally. In the present study, PA, DMSA and related compounds were studied as oral antidotes during oral CdCl2 intoxication. According to the antagonistic effects noted on mortality, peristaltic toxicity and intestinal cadmium uptake, the relative efficacies of the compounds tested were: DMSA greater than PAD greater than DMPS greater than MSA greater than PA greater than NAPA. None of the chelators induced major changes in the organ distribution of absorbed cadmium, in particular no increased cerebral deposition of cadmium. This study indicates that, in oral cadmium intoxication in humans, orally administered DMSA would be likely to offer protection against the local toxicity of cadmium in the gastrointestinal tract as well as to reduce the risk of systemic toxicity of absorbed cadmium.
Administration, Oral↗
Glucose tolerance and insulin receptor binding to monocytes and erythrocytes in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent life threatening hereditary disease in the Western World with an incidence of approximately 1:2000. Due to increasing survival rates the high frequency of abnormal glucose tolerance has become an important problem. We compared insulin concentrations during oral glucose tolerance test and insulin receptor binding to both monocytes and erythrocytes from 9 patients with CF, with results from 10 healthy controls of similar body weight. The insulin: glucose ratio was increased in the fasting state (p less than 0.05) in patients with CF compared to controls, indicating an increased insulin resistance in CF-patients. The total insulin secretion during oral glucose tolerance test as judged by the area beneath the insulin curve was similar in the two groups, but insulin secretion was significantly delayed in patients with CF. Insulin receptor binding to monocytes and the number of receptors were significantly increased (p less than 0.01 and 0.02, respectively) in patients with CF whereas the dissociation constant was similar in patients with CF and controls. No difference was observed in insulin receptor binding to erythrocytes between the two groups. No correlations were found between insulin receptor binding to monocytes or erythrocytes and glucose tolerance or insulin concentrations.
Adolescent↗
Lactoferrin as an indicator of septicemia and endotoxemia in pigs.
The levels of plasma lactoferrin (LF) in response to endotoxin and Escherichia coli infusions in piglets were studied to obtain exact time relation of plasma LF increase in relation to start of endotoxin and E. coli infusions. A new enzyme-linked immunoassay of swine LF is presented. 13 piglets had a 10-fold rapid increase of plasma LF concentrations after 0.25 mg/kg endotoxin intravenous infusion. The initial rise was 3.4 mg/l/h. 14 piglets, receiving 1 x 10(11) E. coli intravenously, showed a higher increase of plasma LF concentrations, amounting to 6-9 mg/l/h. Thus, plasma LF was an early marker of septicemia and endotoxemia.
Anesthesia↗
Unemployment and mortality in Denmark, 1970-80.
Relative mortality in the period 1970-80 was studied among Danish men and women who were unemployed and employed on the day of the 1970 census. The study population consisted of the total labour force in the age range 20-64 on 9 November 1970--that is, about 2 million employed and 22,000 unemployed people. Relative mortality was analysed by a multiplicative hazard regression model (as a natural extension of the standardised mortality ratio) and a multiplicative regression model with extra-Poisson variation. A significantly increased death rate (40-50%) was found among the unemployed after adjusting for occupation, housing category, geographical region, and marital state. Analysis of five main causes of death showed increased mortality from all causes, but especially from suicide or accidents. In areas where the local unemployment rate was comparatively high the relative mortality among the unemployed was lower. The increased mortality among the unemployed was interpreted as a consequence of health related selection as well as increased susceptibility associated with the psychosocial stress of unemployment.
Adult↗
[Health services in Danish prisons].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Denmark↗
Clinical observations of effects on central nervous system in patients with acute facial palsy.
Twenty-eight consecutive patients with acute unilateral facial palsy were examined with special reference to clinical signs of central nervous system involvement. The clinical investigation in the acute stage of the disease showed that only seven patients had solitary facial nerve dysfunction, while the remaining patients had evidence of more widespread disease involvement. The most frequent finding was a trigeminal dysfunction of the paretic side, as shown by paresthesia and sensibility disturbance corresponding to the sensoritrigeminal area, as well as a dysfunction of the trigeminal component of the corneal reflex of the paretic side. Three patients showed migrating symptoms that were suggestive of a brain-stem disorder. In addition, four patients had an optic neuropathy, while an abnormal brain-stem audiometry response was demonstrated in five patients. The outcome of acute facial palsy one to two years after onset, however, could not be predicted from the clinical central nervous system signs. The degree of the palsy in the acute stage of the disease still seemed to be one of the most important prognostic factors. It is concluded that acute facial palsy is not a single entity, but rather a feature of different neurologic conditions.
Acute Disease↗
The high resolution R-banded karyotype of Rattus norvegicus.
Representative haploid R-banded karyotypes of the laboratory rat and diagrammatic representation of the banding patterns at the 525-band level are presented.
Animals↗
Oral contraception and insulin sensitivity: in vivo assessment in normal women and women with previous gestational diabetes.
The sensitivity to insulin (euglycemic clamp technique) was assessed in previous gestational diabetic women (n = 6) and nondiabetic women (n = 6) before and twice during low-dose triphasic oral contraceptive administration (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) for 6 months. Both groups had normal plasma glucose and insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance tests before and during treatment. In vivo peripheral insulin action was measured during insulin infusion of 40 mU/m2 X min with plasma glucose clamped at fasting levels. Before treatment glucose infusion rates were identical in both groups [1.56 +/- 0.12 (SEM) mmol/m2 X min and 1.51 +/- 0.09 mmol/m2 X min, respectively]. After hormonal treatment for 6 months the amount of glucose infused decreased significantly in the previously gestational diabetic women (1.10 +/- 0.12 mmol/m2 X min, P = 0.01), whereas the decrease was less pronounced in the nondiabetic women (1.30 +/- 0.22 mmol/m2 X min, P = 0.09). The decrease in insulin sensitivity was not sufficient to alter glucose tolerance either in the previous gestational diabetic women nor in the nondiabetic women.
Adult↗
Choroideremia: further evidence for assignment of the locus to Xq13-Xq21.
Choroideremia is an X-linked hereditary retinal dystrophy leading to blindness in early adulthood. RFLP analyses in three Danish families were consistent with close linkage between choroideremia and the locus DXYS1, located at Xq13-Xq21. Measurable linkage was found between choroideremia and DXS17, at Xq22. Furthermore, choroideremia was diagnosed in a boy with an interstitial deletion at Xq13-Xq21, strongly suggesting the assignment of the locus for choroideremia to this region of the X chromosome. The deletion also covered DXYS1, but did not include DXS17.
Chromosome Mapping↗
The peritoneal cell carcinogenicity test.
The peritoneal cell carcinogenicity test, which is a new short-term in vivo-in vitro transformation test invented by Nashed (1981), was evaluated in the present report. The experimental design and materials used were as close as possible to those used by Nashed (1981). Test compounds were the two carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic analog pairs benzo[a]pyrene/pyrene and 2-acetylamidofluorene/4-acetylamidofluorene. All 4 compounds were administered orally. Al(OH)3 was injected intraperitoneally to act as mitogen for peritoneal macrophages. The criterium for transformation was colony growth of macrophages in soft agar. Two transformed cell types formed colonies under the conditions used. Pulmonary and peritoneal macrophages formed colonies when colony-stimulating factor was added. No colony growth was observed on plates with macrophages from 256 animals tested (100 carcinogen treated, 80 treated with noncarcinogenic analogs and 76 untreated controls). Thus we were not able to confirm results published previously by the inventor of this test (Nashed, 1981).
Animals↗
Oral contraceptives and insulin receptor binding in normal women and those with previous gestational diabetes.
The effect of a low-dose triphasic oral contraceptive (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) on glucose tolerance, plasma insulin response to a glucose challenge, and insulin receptor binding to monocytes and erythrocytes was investigated in seven women with previous gestational diabetes and seven nondiabetic control subjects. Investigations were performed in the luteal phase before the hormonal intake and after hormonal treatment for 2 and 6 months. Before treatment, women with previous gestational diabetes had significantly impaired glucose tolerance (p less than 0.05) when compared with the healthy controls, but no differences in insulin receptor binding were observed. Glucose tolerance and the insulin response to oral glucose remained unchanged in both groups during the treatment period. In the control subjects a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in insulin receptor binding to monocytes was observed after hormonal intake for 6 months whereas the insulin receptor binding remained unchanged in the women with previous gestational diabetes. No correlation was found between the receptor binding data obtained from monocytes and erythrocytes in either group of women. The study demonstrates that in lean nondiabetic women and women with previous gestational diabetes of normal weight without first-degree history of diabetes there is no apparent direct association between glucose tolerance, plasma insulin levels, and insulin binding to erythrocytes and monocytes during intake of low-dose oral contraceptives.
Adolescent↗