[Infectious diseases attended by dietitian].
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Allied Health Personnel↗
Biomedical subjects
Nobuhiko Furuya
Publications and source records attributed to Nobuhiko Furuya.
[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (2001). I. Susceptibility distribution].
The bacterial strains isolated from patients diagnosed as having urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 10 institutions in Japan were supplied between the period of September and December 2001. Then, the susceptibilities of them to a variety of antimicrobial agents were investigated. The number of them were 496 strains. The breakdown of these strains was Gram-positive bacteria as 29.6% and Gram-negative bacteria as 70.4%. Susceptibilities of these bacteria to antimicrobial agents were as follows; against Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin (VCM) showed a strong activity, and this drug also had a strong activity against MRSA in preventing growth of all strains at 1 microgram/mL. In addition, arbekacin (ABK) showed strong activity with the MIC90 of 2 micrograms/mL against MRSA and prevented growth of all strains at 4 micrograms/mL. ABK also showed a strong activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis in preventing growth of all strains at 0.5 microgram/mL. Ampicillin (ABPC) and cefozopran (CZOP) showed a relatively strong activity against S. epidermidis (MIC90: 8 micrograms/mL). ABPC, imipenem (IPM), and VCM showed strong activities against Enterococcus faecalis. No increase of low-susceptible strains in E. faecalis was observed against these antimicrobial agents. Against Escherichia coli, carbapenems showed the highest activities: meropenem (MEPM) prevented growth of all strains at 0.25 microgram/mL; IPM prevented growth of all strains at 0.5 microgram/mL. CZOP and cefotiam (CTM) also showed strong activities against E. coli: MIC90 of CZOP was within 0.125 microgram/mL; MIC90 of CTM was within 0.5 microgram/mL. Quinolone-resistant E. coli was detected at frequency of 9.3%, which was lower than that in the last year, and was higher level than those in up to 1999. MEPM showed the strongest activity against Citrobacter freundii in preventing growth of all strains at 0.125 microgram/mL. Almost all drugs showed strong activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis, and MEPM prevented growth of all strains within 0.125 microgram/mL. Against Serratia marcescens, the MIC90 of gentamicin (GM) was the lowest value being 2 micrograms/mL, and those of IPM and carumonam were 8 and 16 micrograms/mL, respectively. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, almost all drugs were not so active. The MIC90 of GM was 8 micrograms/mL, those of IPM and amikacin were 16 micrograms/mL, and those of all other drugs were over than 32 micrograms/mL.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (2001). II. Background of patients].
Five-hundred thirty one bacterial strains isolated from 412 patients diagnosed as having urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 10 institutions in Japan were supplied between September and December 2001. Then, the clinical background of patients were investigated such as sex, age, and type of infections, infections and kind of bacteria, frequency of bacteria isolation by age and infections, bacteria and infections by timing of antibiotics administration, and bacteria and infections by surgical procedures. With regard to the relationship between age and sex of patients and type of infections, the number of cases aged lower than 50 years was few and complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter was the most frequent in male patients. In females, the number of patients aged lower than 20 years was few. Most of female patients aged lower than 80 years had uncomplicated UTIs. As for the relationship between type of infections and kind of bacteria, Escherichia coli decreased as the infections were more complicated, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis increased as the infections were more complicated. In relation of these results to age of patients, isolation frequency of E. coli gradually decreased with aging in patients aged 20 years and older with uncomplicated UTIs. The isolation frequencies of E. faecalis decreased with aging in the patients with complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter while P. aeruginosa decreased with aging in the patients with complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter. E. coli was isolated a few after administration of antibiotics, and P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis were frequently isolated after administration in the patients with all types of infections. As for type of causative organisms in UTIs and with or without surgical operation, E. coli was frequently isolated in the patients without surgery in the patients with uncomplicated UTIs and complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter, while P. aeruginosa was frequently isolated in the patients who underwent surgery in the patients with uncomplicated UTIs and complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter. In uncomplicated UTIs, isolation frequencies of Klebsiella spp., P. aeruginosa, and E. faecalis were significant in the patients with surgery. In complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter, Klebsiella spp. was frequently isolated in the patients with surgery. In complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter, S. aureus and Staphylococcus spp. were frequently isolated in the patients without surgery.
Adolescent↗
[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (2001). III. Secular changes in susceptibility].
The bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) isolated from patients diagnosed as urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 10 institutions in Japan were supplied between September and December, 2001. Then, the susceptibilities of these bacteria to various antimicrobial agents were examined, and the results were compared with those obtained between 1992 and 2000. Comparison was made by classifying strains isolated from patients into those in uncomplicated UTIs and those in complicated UTIs (including with or without indwelling catheter). The drug sensitivity of S. aureus in this year was comparable to those in up to the previous year, and S. aureus showed the best susceptibility to vancomycin (VCM). E. faecalis showed good susceptibility to ampicillin and imipenem, and the MIC90s were 2 micrograms/mL. The susceptibility of E. faecalis to VCM was also good. E. coli showed good susceptibility to the drugs except penicillins. Among cephems, the susceptibility to cefozopran (CZOP) was better (MIC90: < or = 0.125 microgram/mL). Just as the last report, the decreases in susceptibility of E. coli to quinolones were also observed in the patients with complicated UTIs. The susceptibility of Klebsiella spp. to all the test drugs did not significantly change in 2001 and was generally good but not to penicillins. Among cephems, Klebsiella spp. showed good susceptibility to flomoxef, cefpirome, cefixime, and CZOP with < or = 0.125 microgram/mL of MIC90s either in uncomplicated or complicated UTIs. Although the drug sensitivity of P. aeruginosa was generally low, the detection of the strains that showed good susceptibility to quinolones and carbapenems (MIC: < or = 0.125-2 micrograms/mL) were relatively frequent.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Expression of Klotho protein in the inner ear.
The Klotho mouse is a recently developed model that exhibits phenotypes resembling human aging. We used this model to investigate sensorineural hearing loss from the point of view that it may be considered an issue of aging. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, we were able to confirm klotho gene transcription and protein synthesis in the kidney and inner ear. Klotho protein was mainly expressed in the stria vascularis and spiral ligament of the inner ear and in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney, likely serving a common function in the two organs, i.e., modulating ion transport. The threshold for the auditory brainstem response was significantly higher in Klotho mice than in wild-type mice, and wave I latencies were prolonged. On the other hand, Klotho mice exhibited a normal distribution of I-IV interpeak intervals. No obvious morphological abnormalities were detected in Klotho mice, although no expression of Klotho protein was detected, and there was an apparent hearing disorder. Taken together, these findings suggest that by contributing to the maintenance ion homeostasis in the endolymph, Klotho protein serves as a key mediator of auditory function.
Aging↗
[A case of falciparum malaria successfully treated with intravenous artesunate].
The case was a 28-year-old Japanese female who was considered to be infected with malaria in India. She manifested fever in Tokyo, Japan, and was brought to Toho University Hospital due to continuous high fever and severe thrombocytopenia. Ring forms at 11% of her RBCs and ICT Malaria P.f/P.v test was also positive for Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis. Not only the high parasitemia and delay of the diagnosis (6 days after the onset of fever), but also her DIC status required prompt and proper treatment. The diagnosis of severe malaria was strongly considered, and intravenous Artesunate (a qinghaosu derivative) was decided to be administered to the patient. After the four series of administration, mefloquine was subsequently given to prevent recrudescence. Parasite clearance time and fever clearance time were 24 hours and 108 hours, respectively. Thrombocytopenia was improved shortly after the treatment, but then anemia was once worsened with following gradual improvement. No other significant side effects were observed and no recrudescence occurred up to 8 months after her discharge. In Japan, very few cases treated with intravenous Artesunate were reported and our results showed its safe and excellent effect for a Japanese malaria patient.
Adult↗
The pathogenic role of fimbriae of Haemophilus influenzae type b in murine bacteraemia and meningitis.
Complement activation and development of murine bacteraemia and meningitis following intranasal instillation of cell-bound fimbriated or non-fimbriated organisms were compared to clarify the role of fimbriae in the pathogenesis of illnesses caused by Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib). In-vitro resistance of non-fimbriate bacteria to the bactericidal effects of normal human serum was at least 400 times greater than that of fimbriate bacteria. The amount of C3 bound to fimbriate Hib was more than that to non-fimbriate Hib. When mice were infected with fimbriate bacteria, 11.5% died. When mice were infected with non-fimbriate bacteria, the mean number of viable organisms gradually increased or was constant up to day 7; 38.5% of these mice died. These in-vivo results were coincident with the in-vitro data. However, the content of polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) in fimbriate organisms was the same as in non-fimbriate organisms. These results indicate that fimbriate Hib may be less likely to produce bacteraemia and meningitis, correlating with the greater susceptibility to complement-mediated bacteriolysis and the lower mortality seen with this type of organism, although fimbriae increase adherence to epithelial cells (mucosal surface).
Animals↗
Effect of passive immunotherapy on murine gut-derived sepsis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The effect of passive immunotherapy with antisera against heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and three of its exo-enzymes (elastase, alkaline protease and exotoxin A) in gut-derived P. aeruginosa sepsis was evaluated. Mice were given a suspension of P. aeruginosa strain D4 in their drinking water, together with ampicillin (200 mg/kg) to disrupt the normal bacterial flora. Cyclophosphamide was then administered to induce translocation of P. aeruginosa that had colonised the gastrointestinal tract so that gut-derived septicaemia was produced. In this model, intraperitoneal administration of antiserum against heat-killed bacteria, 100 microl/mouse, twice a day for 3 consecutive days significantly increased the survival rate over that of mice treated with normal rabbit serum. Antiserum against elastase, alkaline protease, or a combination of these two antisera, failed to provide significant protection. In contrast, antiserum against exotoxin A significantly increased the survival rate over that of mice treated with normal rabbit serum. These results indicate that passive immunisation with antiserum against heat-killed bacteria and exotoxin A, but not with antiserum against either elastase or alkaline protease, protects mice against gut-derived sepsis caused by P. aeruginosa.
ADP Ribose Transferases↗